<p>Frankville School, also known as the Frankville Museum, is a historic structure located in the unincorporated community of Frankville, Iowa, United States. It was built in 1872 by W.H. Hopper, replacing an older building from the mid-1850s. It is a two-story, stone vernacular structure, capped with a gable roof. The stone is rock-faced ashlar limestone. The stones on the front facade are carefully dressed compared with those on the other elevations. The lintels and window sills are blocks of rock-faced stone, except for those on the front. On the front, carefully dressed stone voussoirs and keystones are used for the round arches for the main entrance and the window above. High school classes were added in the 1920s. In 1958 the school was reduced to kindergarten and 7th and 8th grades. It closed in 1962. The following year the Winneshiek County Historical Society acquired the building and operated a museum in it. It remains in the community&#39;s park.</p><br>
<p>The buildings relative uniqueness is derived from its stone construction. The vast majority of Iowas 19th-century schoolhouses were of frame or log constriction, followed by brick. By 1874 at the peak of schoolhouse construction only 268 were stone, compared to 8,000 frame structures and about 650 that were brick. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Cut Hill, is a hill in North Dartmoor in the southwest English county of Devon. At 603 metres high, it is the joint third highest peak in Devon and Dartmoor, together with Hangingstone Hill, which lies around 4 kilometres to the northeast.</p><br>
<p>The hill lies within the military training area on Dartmoor and is not accessible to the public except at certain times. It is one of Dartmoor&#39;s remoter spots and is a good hour and a half walk from Postbridge.</p><br>
<p>There are panoramic views from the top that are "among the best that Dartmoor offers." The hill is surrounded by wet and tussocky ground, and peat hags.</p><br>
<p>The name of the hill is derived from an old drover&#39;s track - Cut Lane - which cuts through the fen separating the Dart and Tavy valleys and used to facilitate the movement of livestock across the moor.</p><br>
<p>Hangingstone is one of Dartmoor&#39;s thirteen Deweys and the tenth highest in England.</p><br>
<h2>Stone row</h2><br>
<p>In 2004, a stone row was discovered at Cut Hill dating to 3,500 BC and shedding new light on an area where there had hitherto been no evidence of prehistoric life. There are nine granite stones oriented in a northeast to southwest direction as at Stonehenge and they have been described by archaeologist, Dr Tom Greeves, as "of worldwide significance."</p><br>
<p>Shelbyville Commercial Historic District is a national historic district located at Shelbyville, Shelby County, Indiana. The district encompasses 149 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 2 contributing objects in the central business district of Shelbyville. It developed between about 1822 and the 1930s, and includes notable examples of Italianate, Second Empire, Beaux-Arts, Classical Revival, and Art Deco style architecture. Notable contributing resources include the Shelbyville Central Schools Administrative Offices , Carnegie Library , First Baptist Church , St. Joseph Catholic Church and School , Civic Center , Melton Jewelry Store , Blessing-Deprez Building , Knights of Pythias , Cherry Building , I.O.O.F. Building , Old High School Building , and a statue of Charles Major .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Hartness House is a historic house at 30 Orchard Street in Springfield, Vermont. Built in 1904, it is one Vermont&#39;s relatively small number of high-style Shingle style houses. It was built for James Hartness, owner of a local machine factory and later Governor of Vermont. The house, now a small hotel, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Hartness House is located on the northeastern outskirts of central Springfield, at the northern end of Orchard Street. The original main portion of the house is a T-shaped 2-1/2 story gable-roofed wood-frame structure, its main facade facing to the south. The facade is busy with a variety of projections and cross gables of various sizes, with its ground floor exterior finished in fieldstone, and the upper levels clad in wooden shingles. Windows come in a variety of sizes and styles, many of them featuring diamond lights and other forms of tracery. The front-facing gables have decorative blocks at the peak and midway down the side, while the end gables have exposed rafter ends. A series of additions and ells have been added, primarily to the rear, providing additional facilities for its current hotel functions.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1904 for James Hartness, then the president of the Jones and Lamson Machine Company, a prominent local manufacturer. Hartness was then at the height of his business success, which was later crowned by his election as Governor of Vermont in 1921-22. Hartness was one of the nation&#39;s first licensed aircraft pilots, and hosted his friend and aviator Charles Lindbergh in this house.</p><br>
<p>West Side Historic District is a national historic district located at Shelbyville, Shelby County, Indiana. The district encompasses 373 contributing buildings and 4 contributing structures in a predominantly residential section of Shelbyville. It developed between about 1853 and the 1939, and includes notable examples of Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, and Stick Style / Eastlake Movement style architecture. Located in the district is the separately listed John Hamilton House. Other notable buildings include the Peter Metzger House, Joseph Acre House, Earl Karmire House, Charles Davis House, Charles Birely House, Harry Whitcomb House, First Christian Church , C.H. Campbell House, George McConnell House, First Presbyterian Church , John Randall House , Alfred Major House, Frank C Sheldon House, and Edward Thurston House.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Highlandville School, also known as Highlandville Village School, is a historic structure located in the unincorporated community of Highlandville, Iowa, United States. It was built in 1911, replacing a 1904 building that was destroyed in a fire. The frame building follows a broad T-plan. The top of the T is a two-room rectangular section capped with a hip roof. A single-room, central projecting gable-front with a belfry forms the Ts upright. The front section was used an entryway/coatroom, while the two-room back section housed the classrooms. The frame structure rests on a limestone basement. An entrance ramp replaces the original entrance steps. Two privies, which share the historic designation, are located to the north of the main building. The school was operated independently until 1960, and it closed in 1964. It stands as a reminder of the state of Iowas determination to educate its citizens, particularly in the rural areas. It is also a unique rural two-room schoolhouse in Winneshiek County. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>Locust School is a historic building located north of Decorah, Iowa, United States. Built in 1854, the one-room schoolhouse is composed of rubble ashlar limestone and capped with a gable roof. The lintels and window sills are also stone. A belfry with round-arch openings is located above the main entrance. The school was established just after the village of Locust was surveyed and settlement had begun. It remained in operation with all elementary grades until 1950, when it was reduced to specific grades. It was closed in 1960. The Winneshiek County Historical Society acquired the building and operates a museum in it. It was one of the first school buildings constructed in Winneshiek County. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Steyer Opera House is a historic building located in Decorah, Iowa, United States. The three-story, brick commercial block was designed by F.G. Brant of Dubuque. Its original owner and namesake was Joseph Steyer, who emigrated from Luxembourg in 1852 and settled in Decorah in 1865. The building was built in 1870 and an additional three bays were added to the east side in 1875. The first floor houses retail space, the second floor historically housed apartments, and the auditorium is on the third floor. The walls and ceiling are covered with tin that is pressed in a variety of decorative patterns. Doorways flank the proscenium. They are framed by paneled pilasters and capped with a broad architrave. The balcony that rings the main floor on three sides of the auditorium was part of the 1875 renovation of the building. It is now part of the neighboring Hotel Winneshiek. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Ossian Opera House, also known as the Knights of Columbus Hall, is a historic building located in Ossian, Iowa, United States. The opera house "movement" was active in Iowa from about 1870 to 1930. Numerous auditoriums and halls were built in towns large and small. Ossian is somewhat unusual for a small town in that its opera house was a single-use type of building, rather a mixed-use facility. The frame building with a gable roof was built in 1893 by the Ossian Hall Company. It features a three-part facade, with a central frontispiece that is flanked by side wings. The hall could seat 350 people. The local Knights of Columbus council, a Catholic fraternal organization, acquired the building in 1956, and renovated the building for their clubhouse. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Angola Commercial Historic District is a national historic district located at Angola, Steuben County, Indiana. The district encompasses 49 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 2 contributing objects in the central business district of Shelbyville. It developed between about 1861 and the 1960, and includes notable examples of Italianate, Romanesque Revival, Beaux-Arts, Classical Revival, Late Gothic Revival, and Art Deco style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Steuben County Courthouse and Steuben County Jail. Other notable buildings include the Angola City Hall, Angola Police and Fire Department Building , First Congregational United Church of Christ , United Methodist Church of Angola , Patterson Block , Jackson Block , Croxton Opera House , Angola Masonic Building , Armory Building , and First National Bank .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Wenzil Taylor Building is a historic building located in Spillville, Iowa, United States. Wenzil Taylor had this building constructed in 1871 for use as a general merchandise store. It is located in the town&#39;s original commercial district, and it is the last remaining commercial</p><br>
<p>structure from that era. The two-story structure has side and rear walls of rubble limestone with a brick facade. The decorative elements of the Italianate style building features brick arches with dressed limestone keystones, recessed brick panels, and brick pilasters The bracketed cornice is a recreation. It continued to house a merchandise store for most of its history, and was used as a residence before it was abandoned. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. After its restoration it became a restaurant.</p><br>
<p>The Burr Oak House/Masters Hotel, also known as the Laura Ingalls Wilder Museum and Park, is a historic building located in Burr Oak, Iowa, United States. The 1½-story frame structure was built in 1856, and features a full width front porch and a raised basement. Its significance is derived from three elements of its history. First, it is one of the few pre-1860 buildings that was built specifically as a hotel that remains in Iowa. Second, it served as a hotel in a small Iowa town for a significant period of time, enduring changing economic times and tastes. The hotel started as a log structure that was built in 1851, and after this building was built five years later, remained in business until 1878 with different owners and names. At that time it became a dry goods and general store, and served that purpose into the early 1890s when Dr. W.H. Emmons used it as a residence and office. Around 1896 a two-story addition, no longer extant, was built onto the south side and it was made exclusively into a house.</p><br>
<p>The third significant element of the former hotel is its association with author Laura Ingalls Wilder, who lived here as a child from 1876 to 1877. It is the only known extant building occupied by the Ingalls&#39; family in Burr Oak. Her father Charles ran the hotel, and worked in a saw mill. The family moved into the grocery store next door, before leaving town in 1878. The building was in a dilapidated state when it was bought in 1973 by Laura Ingalls Wilder Park, Inc. They restored the building and turned it into a museum. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Burr Oak Savings Bank, across the street from the hotel, serves as the visitors&#39; center for the museum.</p><br>
<p>Burr Oak Savings Bank, also known as the Burr Oak Post Office, is a historic building located in Burr Oak, Iowa, United States. The free-standing, single-story, brick structure was built in 1910 in the Italianate style. Its primary decorative feature is a panel with corbeled brickwork in a dentil-like pattern, and the bracketed tin cornice above it. An addition was built onto the rear of the building in 1931. After the bank closed, the building was used as a barber shop and the post office, which closed in 1981. It is now the Visitors Center for the Laura Ingalls Wilder Museum and Park. It is the only building that remains on Burr Oak&#39;s main street from a period of economic expansion in early 20th-century Iowa, based on agricultural production and land values. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Painter-Bernatz Mill, also known as the Old Stone Mill, is a historic building located in Decorah, Iowa, United States. The original part of the mill was constructed by William Painter in 1851, and it was expanded to its present size in the next year or two. A mill race was constructed from a dam on the Upper Iowa River, and it was routed beneath the building to power the turbine. It was the first of at least 15 mills that used this river as its source of power. The lower two floors are composed of native limestone. The original hip roof was removed sometime between 1874 and 1890 and the present gable roof was built giving the mill a large loft. Diesel power replaced water power in 1947. The building continued to operate as a mill until 1964. It became a part of the Vesterheim Norwegian-American Museum in 1971, and houses exhibits on agriculture and industry. It is also a site in the Silos & Smokestacks National Heritage Area. The former mill is the oldest building in Decorah. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Casa Grande is a heritage-listed villa at Nettle Street, Mount Isa, City of Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Donoghue, Cusick & Edwards and built in 1949. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 May 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Work commenced on Casa Grande as a home for the then General Manager of Mount Isa Mines, Julius Kruttschnitt II, in 1949. It was a "grand house", designed by the prominent Brisbane firm of Donoghue, Cusick and Edwards, but reflecting the influence of Kruschnitt&#39;s time spent in both Arizona and Mexico.</p><br>
<p>Kruttschnitt, with a background of developing mines in America for ASARCO&#39;s mining department, had taken on the challenge in 1930, of revitalising the ailing Mount Isa Mine at a time when the company was unable to meet outstanding financial commitments. The 1930s, a time of depression and austerity throughout Australia, was reflected in the price of lead plunging to the lowest point in the history of the metal markets.</p><br>
<p>Kruttschnitt tackled Mount Isas problems with relentless energy and after more capital was raised through overseas financiers, ore production commenced again in 1931. In earlier years of the mines operation, the company expended large amounts of money providing housing for employees. Two-storeyed timber houses, a number of dormitories and community buildings were constructed for workers during these more buoyant years. The 1930s saw more austere housing accommodation for workers often in the form of tin huts and tent houses. The problem of a lack of financial resources for accommodation extended to Kruttschnitt&#39;s own residence. Initially, he was housed in a modest staff house overlooking Central Park and the Band Rotunda. Kruttschnitt was reported to be unimpressed with his quarters.</p><br>
<p>The finances of the company did not improve until after World War II. While copper had been discovered in 1930, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour, and the consumption of copper in Australian factories and munition works, meant that Mount Isa Mines went into full-scale copper production during that period. By 1946, with the end of the war, and a soaring consumption of lead in the United States for assembly lines and defence stockpiles, the price of lead rose to the unprecedented height of £91 a ton. In 1947, for the first time, the mine was able to pay a dividend to its investors. With the mine in an increasingly healthy financial position and an influx of workers to accommodate, the company renewed its housing program. Houses of simple design were constructed, as were dormitories. The company included in its program improved recreational facilities, including tennis courts and a swimming pool.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1940s attention was also paid to providing improved housing for mine executives. The building of a house for Julius Kruttschnitt, now Chairman of Directors, was commenced in 1949 on part of Special Mineral Lease 5589, overlooking older company housing dating from 1928-29. The name given to the house, literally "big house", reflected the prosperity of Mount Isa Mines at that time and is a term commonly used in Arizona and New Mexico to describe the "boss&#39;s"house. Casa Grande was designed by the prominent Brisbane architectural firm of Donoghue, Cusick and Edwards, probably incorporating the ideas of their client, Julius Kruttschnitt.</p><br>
<p>On the 22 July 1950, a housewarming party was given at "Casa Grande" by Mr & Mrs Kruttschnitt, who entertained their guests under a marquee on the lawns. Small groups of people were shown over the house; certainly the largest and most elaborate house to be built in the hot, dry western district of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Casa Grande has been used for many social events. In 1951 when badges were presented to employees of MIM who had served twenty years with the Company, a dinner was arranged for the 80 men and their wives by Mrs Kruttschnitt. An annual New Year&#39;s Eve punchbowl party was just one of the functions hosted by the Kruttschnitts during their time at Casa Grande.</p><br>
<p>Julius Kruttschnitt resigned as Chairman of Directors in 1952 but did not return to the United States, settling in Brisbane at his home Casa Ita. He was succeeded at Mount Isa by George Fisher who lived with his family at Casa Grande until 1966. During the time of the Fisher&#39;s occupancy, the house was refurnished and much of this furniture remains at Casa Grande.</p><br>
<p>Casa Grande became a guest house for visiting directors of the company and VIPs from 1966. A suite at the house was redecorated and refurnished for Queen Elizabeth, who visited the town in 1970. A dining room table, with the tabletop constructed from one piece of cedar was bought by the Company for the Queen&#39;s visit.</p><br>
<p>Casa Grande reflects the period in the life of Mount Isa Mines when the first dividend was paid, and the Company, after years of struggle, was becoming profitable. By 1955 MIM Ltd was the largest mining company in Australia and a company with a strong international reputation.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Casa Grande is Spanish Mission in style, built of 6" thick Denaro bricks with stuccoed outer walls. The white walls contrast with the dark timber framed sash windows and doors, and the building has terracotta roof tiles and balconies.</p><br>
<p>The large, U-shaped, two storeyed house, encloses a courtyard which is overlooked by surrounding verandahs supported by roughly hewn timber posts. Casa Grande is built on a rise and is a landmark overlooking the mine and the remaining houses of the Isa Mine (Mineside) settlement. It is located within well-kept grounds with a tennis court. The encircling drive and luxuriant gardens, a striking feature in such an arid area, add considerable distinction and presence to the house, emphasising the social standing of the Chairman of Directors within the community.</p><br>
<p>The area considered significant therefore includes the grounds and is bounded by the property fence on the western and eastern sides, by the footbridge on the southern side and by the entrance beyond the "island" bed on the northern side.</p><br>
<p>The condition of the house is excellent, and the integrity good. Additions have occurred, but most have been sympathetic to the original design. The furniture compliments the house and has a significance of its own.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Casa Grande was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 May 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Casa Grande, built on the original Mineside settlement, demonstrates the development of the Mount Isa as a mining industry town.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Casa Grande is a late, but good, example of Spanish Mission style.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The house is a landmark in Mount Isa as a prominent and grand house reflecting the relative importance of the position of mine manager in Mount Isa.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The house has social value to the Mount Isa community as a prominent local residence and as a community gathering place.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Casa Grande has a close association with MIM Directors, Julius Kruttschnitt and George Fisher, both of whom are men of international reputation. This is particularly the case with Kruttschnitt, whose Mexican/Arizona experience may have influenced the style of construction.</p><br>
<p>Bower Bird Battery is a heritage-listed former stamper battery in the Mount Isa Mining District, Mount Isa, City of Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 December 2002.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Bower Bird Goldfield was proclaimed on 5 September 1895 - and incorporated into the Cloncurry Gold and Mineral Field on 9 January 1913. The area encompassing the Bower Bird workings generally consists of rugged ranges of quartzite cut by streams draining into the north flowing Leichhardt River.</p><br>
<p>Gold had been found at Bower Bird between 1870 and 1872. Fossickers (notably Bill McPhail) were prospecting the area before 1880 and Robert Logan Jacks 1882 maps show a "Bower Bird Goldfield" although no official returns were recorded until 1893. The first reef located was the Victoria and in 1884 it also provided the first stone for crushing which yielded 103 ozs of gold from 17.2 tons of ore, which was carted some distance to the Soldiers Cap (Mount Freda) battery near Cloncurry for crushing.</p><br>
<p>The Bower Bird Battery of five stamps, four berdans, and concentrator was probably erected in 1895, after being relocated from other places. The stamper was already over 20 years old, having been manufactured in 1873. Between 1895 and 1897 the field&#39;s main producer the Victoria reef officially produced 930 tons of ore yielding 811 ozs of gold before being abandoned, possibly due to drought. It is not known whether the battery was also abandoned at this time or continued processing ore from other nearby reefs, such as the Lily of the Valley, Bertha and Two Mile, which yielded patches of alluvial gold. After 1900, a small quantity of ore was carted from shafts on May Downs station to the Bower Bird battery for crushing, with unknown results.</p><br>
<p>By about 1895 the township, which was some distance from the battery consisted, of three stores, two hotels and a post office which closed in 1901.</p><br>
<p>In January 1904 it was reported in Cloncurry that the battery shed had burnt down. Although there is no record, the battery may have been rebuilt because in 1909 the Victoria Reef was reopened and produced a further 8.1 tons of ore yielding 11.5ozs of gold. Hooper records that the battery was renovated in 1908 as a five head battery with a Brown and Stanfield converter to treat ore from the Victory mine. A Commonwealth Government geologist, C.S. Honman, inspected the field in 1937 but did not report on the battery.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The place, which is situated on a small flat on the side of a spinifex covered hill, contains an almost intact five head stamp battery and the remnants of a small battery shed. A large number of early surface workings extend along the line of reef on which the battery stands. A camp site is situated about 100 metres east of the battery. Immediately south and west of the stamp battery are several earth benches of the former battery shed. A number of non-insitu items of plant are located in the immediate vicinity including two berdan pans, a stamper belt wheel, a cog wheel, a small set of scales, a forge constructed from half of a ship&#39;s tank, and the base of a grinding pan. An area of confused diggings and old mullock dumps extends north of the stamps. Immediately east is a shallow open cut and associated shallow workings.</p><br>
<p>The camp site comprises two low enclosed wall structures of crude stone construction each with an attached external fireplace or forge. A stone forge and other low rock walls are also evident. The construction suggests that the camp was of canvas and/or bough shelters for which the stonework formed low walls. Recent (1994) exploration drill pad bulldozing between the camp and stamp battery has destroyed further evidence of the camp.</p><br>
<p>The surviving plant includes:</p><br>
<p>Five-head stamp battery and frame - P.N.Russell & Co Engineers Sydney 1873 No 160</p><br>
<p>2 berdan pans</p><br>
<p>Grinding pan base - no brand</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Bower Bird Battery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 December 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Bower Bird Creek Battery is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queensland&#39;s early gold mining industry and is an example of the transitory settlements that were a result gold prospecting all over Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The place is significant as a now rare example of a once representative gold battery and mining camp in a remote and semi-arid environment.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The surrounding area contains numerous early workings and crude stone camp sites, which are comparatively undisturbed and may date from the 1890s occupation of the area by miners.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The five head stamp battery and frame was built by P N Russell and Co., Engineers of Sydney in 1873 and this is the earliest manufacture date on recorded batteries in North Queensland. It is the only intact stamp battery remaining in Western and North-West Queensland and may be the earliest surviving in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Mount Isa Mine Early Infrastructure is a heritage-listed group of mining infrastructure on the Mount Isa Mine Lease, Mount Isa, City of Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia. They comprise the Lawlor Shaft & Winding Plant, the Urquhart Shaft and Headframe, the Mount Isa Mine Experimental Dam, and the Mount Isa Mine Power Station. They were built from 1924 to. They were added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 February 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>John Campbell Miles discovered the ores of Mount Isa as lead outcrops early in 1923. Such a late find on a mineral field closely prospected for nearly sixty years was probably due to the fact that most Queensland prospectors were looking for copper or gold and lead mining was an alien tradition. However, while the discovery was first acknowledged in 1923, it is not improbable that the Mount Isa deposits were long known and ignored.</p><br>
<p>By the end of 1923, 118 leases had been pegged on the Mount Isa field and of these William Henry Corbould, formerly of the Mount Elliott Company at Selwyn, acquired 51 leases. In January 1924, Corbould&#39;s Mount Isa Mining Company was registered in New South Wales. Soon after two other companies were floated - Mount Isa Silver-Lead Proprietary and Mount Isa South, but by December 1925 both had been bought by Mount Isa Mines in a coup unprecedented in Australian mining - a single company held virtually the entire mineralised area of what promised to be a major field.</p><br>
<p>Support for the new mining venture came from the Queensland Labor Government which gave the government geologist, EC Saint-Smith, permission to act as general manager at Mount Isa for six months to August 1924, and in September the Queensland Geological Survey undertook Australia&#39;s first aerial photographic survey for geological purposes over six square miles at Mount Isa. In October 1925 the Queensland Legislative Assembly passed the Duchess to Mount Isa Railway Act.</p><br>
<p>During 1924 the Mount Isa Mines sank thirty-three shafts and realised that enormous capital would be required. William Corbould visited London regularly between 1924 and 1927 trying to raise capital. In June 1927 the Russo-Asiatic Consolidated Company chaired by Leslie Urquhart, took control of operation and development of Mount Isa. Corbould resigned but retained a non-voting seat as Honorary Advisory Director in London.</p><br>
<p>On 7 June 1926 the company announced a major reconstruction scheme. The scheme, if successful would provide Russo-Asiatic with a working capital of £860,000 for its activities outside Russia. The announcement of the "no capital" restructuring arrangements for Mount Isa saw an increase in the value of Russo Asiatic and a scramble to purchase Mount Isa shares. The scheme commanded considerable attention in the London Press with the Financial Times remarking that the "no capital reorganisation" scheme was proving successful because it appeared to encourage the Queensland Government to give its assurance that the government "was anxious and willing to assist the enterprise."</p><br>
<p>The resources of Russo-Asiatic, acquired through the restructuring assisted Mount Isa&#39;s development. The New York firm of HH Knox and JH Allen produced plans for exploration and development of the Black Star lode and devised a treatment process. In January 1928 Urquhart visited Mount Isa to inspect all-embracing plans for a major dam and pipeline, an employee housing program, and a development schedule for mining, milling and treatment. Knox arrived at Mount Isa in April to design the treatment plan and was followed by fellow American engineers, CA Mitke and JM Callow.</p><br>
<h3>Lawlor Shaft and Winding Plant (1920s)</h3><br>
<p>Robert Lawlor held the 2.5ha Crystal Lease at Top Camp on the new Mount Isa field when the government geologist, EC Saint-Smith, inspected the area in September 1923. This lease was consolidated into Mount Isa Mines holdings by the end of 1924 but Lawlor&#39;s Shaft remained as the major access point to ores in the Rio Grande lode during the exploration and ore proving phase (1925-9). The headframe and ancillary buildings were featured in a photograph in the Queensland Government Mining Journal, 15 August 1929.</p><br>
<p>In 1930 the Rio Grande mine was described as being served by the three compartment vertical Lawlor Shaft, from which, at a depth of 54.4m, a crosscut in the hanging wall cuts through the lode of sulphide ore. Diamond drilling had already proved persistence of the ore to a depth of 305m.</p><br>
<p>It is not known when the Lawlor Shaft stopped operating but the King&#39;s Cross area of the settlement developed nearby and would have constrained mining operations. During the Second World War it was used for copper extraction.</p><br>
<h3>Urquhart Shaft and Headframe (1930-31)</h3><br>
<p>Before Russo-Asiatic&#39;s engineers had visited the field, Corbould and his geologists decided that separate shafts should penetrate each ore-body and a railway should carry the ore from the shaftheads to a central treatment plant in the valley to the north. After a year of diamond drilling however, the ore-bodies were found grouped so closely, that they could be worked cheaply by use of an underground railway linking them to central shafts. Charles Mitke designed the Man and Supply shaft to take all men and materials underground and the Urquhart shaft to hoist the ore and pump the water.</p><br>
<p>Mitke&#39;s plan transferred the main ore shaft and treatment plant to the town side of the long ridge, which divided the struggling township on the river flats from the previous centre of mining activity in the valley. Mitke supervised the sinking of the Urquhart shaft in 1929. Work proceeded simultaneously with the service shaft and development shafts in the Black Rock and Rio Grande ore-bodies, but was not completed at the time of a ministerial inspection in April 1930. The Urquhart shaft had hit an underground reservoir and was never continued to the planned depth.</p><br>
<p>The Urquhart Shaft and Headframe were erected during 1930-31 and the ore produced had been smelted into lead bullion for shipment overseas by the official opening of the Mount Isa Mines complex by the Hon. Ernest Atherton, Minister for Mines, on 15 June 1931. The Urquhart shaft, which went down vertically for half a mile (0.8 km), carried 3,000,000 tons of ore and rock each year. It operated for over thirty years until the biggest shaft on the Mount Isa field, then known as the K57 ore shaft, was opened in 1963.</p><br>
<h3>Mount Isa Mine Power Station (1931)</h3><br>
<p>From mid-1927 the technical management of Mount Isa Mine was in the hands of the Urquhart group (formerly known as the Russo-Asiatic Consolidated). With their increased capital they set about developing the "most modern mine of the age." The initial power house of Corbould&#39;s company was replaced by the steel framed power station consisting of a coal-fired boiler house and a generator house, designed by JM Callow in 1928 and located at the base of the Mount Isa Mine ridge overlooking the new tent settlement on the bank of the West Leichhardt River. The power station was operational by 1931 and a photograph of it appeared in the Queensland Government Mining Journal on 15 July 1931, which described the Ministerial opening of the new mining plant. It was described as having "twin chimneys rising like black cigars above a roof of dazzling iron".</p><br>
<p>The powerhouse supplied electricity to the town and its houses as well as to the mine until the opening of the Mica Creek power station. In 1951 the powerhouse was extended to supply the new copper smelter. When the Mica Creek power station came into operation supplying electricity, the mines power station was adapted to supply compressed air for the entire mine operation. It continues to fulfill this function.</p><br>
<h3>Mount Isa Mine Experimental Dam (1920s)</h3><br>
<p>From March 1923 when JC Miles discovered the lead outcrops of Mount Isa, shortage of water was identified as a "temporary disability" for the new field. Small soaks were opened in the bed of the Leichhardt River at both Top Camp and Lower Camp settlements. This appears to have been the period when the Experimental Dam was constructed, with a weir built at the entrance to a narrow gully, known as Hidden Valley, just south of the mine. The original stone wall of the weir was later raised with a form-cast concrete section. William Corbould of Mount Isa Mines knew that the treatment works would be greedy for water and EHR Greensill, a surveyor, recommended damming the gorge of Rifle Creek, 32 km south of the mine. The Rifle Creek Dam was constructed by mid 1929 and a pipeline laid to Mount Isa, which became operational by 1930. Presumably from this time, the Experimental Dam ceased to function as a water supply augmenting the bores, which had been sunk. It was subsequently used for recreational purposes and there is a photographic record of a swimming carnival there about 1929.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Mount Isa Mine Early Infrastructure comprises: Lawlor Shaft and Winding Plant; Urquhart Shaft and Headframe; Mount Isa Mine Power Station; and Mount Isa Mine Experimental Dam.</p><br>
<h3>Lawlor Shaft and Winding Plant</h3><br>
<p>The remaining evidence of the Winding Plant consists of a partly intact two-cylinder steam winding engine without drums, manufactured by May Brothers Engineers of Gawler, South Australia, resting on concrete mounts (-20.7325&deg; latitude, 139.4791&deg; longitude). Adjacent and to the south of the engine are a further two concrete foundations, possibly for an air compressor. A return flue boiler is situated further south in line with the winding engine. The iron chimney of the boiler lies alongside. The entrance to the Lawlor Shaft, which is now secured with a grid, is located east of the winding plant within a wire mesh security fence. There was no apparent evidence of headframes bases near the shaft. Between the shaft and the plant is a low raised earth surface indicating the extent of the winding shed and containing concrete mounts with machinery bolts and the concrete base for an iron chimney. The remnants of a mullock dump are located south of the mine shaft. The place is situated alongside the main mine road and adjacent to the companys former residential and community retail area known as Kings Cross.</p><br>
<h3>Urquhart Shaft and Headframe</h3><br>
<p>An intact steel headframe of asymmetrical design is located over the Urquhart shaft (-20.7259&deg; latitude, 139.4816&deg; longitude). The headframe, occupying a hilltop position, is a community landmark and a symbol of Mount Isa Mines Limited and the City of Mount Isa. Headframe steelwork is attached to concrete foundations. The Urquhart headframe steelwork bears the name of the manufacturer, F Rodingham Iron & Steel Co Ltd., England. The concrete mounts of the original development headframe winding plant survive beneath the main structure. As the former main ore haulage shaft, the headframe is equipped with a large steel ore bin, which emptied directly into a primary crusher. The jaw crusher plant has been removed but the concrete structure of the crusher remains. From here the ore was conveyed to the three No.1 Concentrator mills.</p><br>
<p>The Urquhart shaft&#39;s Uskside Winding Engine, which was housed in a shed immediately to the north of the headframe, has been removed from the site and installed at the "Outback@Isa Explorers Park" tourist facility in the town. The original corrugated iron winding shed which had been replaced by more recent ribbed steel sheets on the former frame and concrete surface, has also been removed from the site.</p><br>
<h3>Mount Isa Mine Power Station</h3><br>
<p>The mine power station is located at the eastern base of the Urquhart Shaft hill (-20.7280&deg; latitude, 139.4830&deg; longitude). The power station forms a two-level complex comprising two sections, a boiler and furnace house on the eastern side and a turbine-generator powerhouse on the western side. The external appearance of both sections has remained comparatively unchanged since construction although substantial extension and adaptation of internal structure and plant have taken place with the development of the mine. The power station was initially coal-fired. The boiler house now contains oil-fired furnaces and waste-heat boilers which powered compressors to produce compressed air for the entire mine operation The power house which is a long steel framed corrugated iron clad building aligned north south has been substantially renewed and re- equipped since the 1950s. The original central third of the powerhouse remains structurally intact. This section originally housed Nos.1 and 2 turbo-generators. No.3 turbo generator (made in England by The General Electric Co Ltd., Witton, Birmingham) was installed in line north of No.2 in 1936 to replace No.1 generator after it blew up. No.2 generator has since been removed leaving No.3 as the only surviving early generator plant. No.3 plant comprising a General Electric alternator and turbine generator is coupled to a water-tube condenser unit (manufactured by Hick Hargreaves & Co Ltd., Bolton, England) situated beneath. The northern and southern sections of the powerhouse contain compressors installed in the 1950s. Mine power is now drawn from Mica Creek power station.</p><br>
<h3>Mount Isa Mine Experimental Dam</h3><br>
<p>The dam is constructed as a curved stone overshot weir, with later form-cast concrete additions above, at the entrance to a narrow gully of Kennedy Creek at the southern end of the Mount Isa Mine tailings and seepage ponds (-20.7402&deg; latitude, 139.4720&deg; longitude). The wall shows the height of original construction and of two subsequent extensions in height and width. The original section is of rendered stone, initially rising an estimated 5m above the original valley floor, assuming a current build-up of about 3m of silt. The 1m deep overflow was subsequently in-filled with roughly rendered stonework. The wall was later raised a further 2m with a form-cast concrete section constructed atop the original structure. The weir now stands 5m above the existing upstream silt level and is 23m in width.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Mount Isa Mine Early Infrastructure was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 February 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Isa Mine Early Infrastructure, established in the 1920s and early 1930s, comprises: Lawlor Shaft and Winding Plant; Urquhart Shaft and Headframe; Mount Isa Mine Power Station; and Mount Isa Mine Experimental Dam. This infrastructure is important in demonstrating the pattern of development of Queenslands history, being surviving evidence of the establishment of large-scale mining at Mount Isa by the Mount Isa Mining Company (later Mount Isa Mines Limited) in the 1920s and early 1930s. The Lawlor Shaft and Winding Plant (1920s) are significant in Queenslands history as the earliest surviving winding plant and shaft at Mount Isa. Because of their direct association with the early development of Mount Isa Mine from 1924 they also have symbolic value. The Urquhart Shaft and Headframe (1930–31) is important in demonstrating the early development and growth of Mount Isa Mine. This headframe, which is an American A-frame rather than the more usual four poster frames of the period, was innovative at the time. The use of this style of headframe popularized the use of America A-frames. The Mount Isa Mine Power Station (1929–31) at the base of the Urquhart shaft hill are significant remains from the initial plant construction period at Mount Isa (1929) made possible by United States capital and engineering design. The place is of historical significance for its long association with power generation for the town of Mount Isa and the mine, prior to construction of Mica Creek power station. The Mount Isa Mine Experimental Dam (1920s) is the earliest surviving construction at Mount Isa and Mount Isa Mine, demonstrating the early development of Queensland&#39;s richest mining venture. The silted up dam remains as evidence of the vital need for storing water to enable mining operations to proceed. Its small size and out-of-the-way location on the Mount Isa Mine lease is in juxtaposition to the massive scale of the tailings dams, open cuts and tall chimneys marking the current operations.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The development of the mining and mining infrastructure was on a scale rare in Queensland mining. It was also significant in Queensland that development was funded through an internationally accepted process of restructuring rather than through profits. In addition the two-cylinder steam winding engine manufactured by May Brothers, engineers of Gawler, South Australia, is a rare survivor and highlights the recycling of earlier Australian made equipment before specific heavy machinery was imported from England. The operational, pre-Second World War (English) General Electric turbine generator and alternator in the Mount Isa Mine Power Station is an extremely rare survivor of the former three units that comprised the initial power station to the mine.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to reveal, through archaeological investigation, further information that may contribute to our knowledge of the early workings of the Mount Isa Mine.The Lawlor Shaft and Winding Plant demonstrates the continuity of mining history at Mount Isa and has the capacity to lend itself to interpretation of that history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The infrastructure has a symbolic association with the work of Mount Isa Mines, which has been important in the Queensland economy since the 1920s. The Urquhart Shaft and Headframe is the largest, most complex and most visible of the two surviving steel headframes at Mount Isa Mine. Silhouetted on the skyline it has been a community landmark for over sixty years.</p><br>
<p>Bealin High Cross is a high cross and National Monument located in County Westmeath, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Bealin High Cross is located about 6.2 km east of Athlone.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The cross is believed to have been moved, perhaps from Clonmacnoise. On the east face was a lion and a scroll of interlaced creatures with birdlike heads running up the shaft, and a Celtic knot pattern at the centre of the head. The North face shows a hunting scene with a horseman with spear and a dog biting a deer&#39;s leg.</p><br>
<p>There is an inscription at the bottom of the west face dating the cross to around AD 800: the inscription reads ("A Prayer for Tuathgal who caused this cross to be made"), referring to the Abbot of Clonmacnoise who died in 811.</p><br>
<p>The Old Town House, also known as the Union Town House, is a historic government building at 128 Town House Road in Union, Maine. Built in 1840, it served the town for many years as its town hall, and as one of its major social venues. It is now owned by the local historical society, which operates it as a community meeting place. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Old Town House stands on the east side of Town House Road (Maine State Route 235), up the hill from Union&#39;s town common. It is a 1-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. It has relatively plain trim around doors and windows, and short gable returns. The main entrance is a later Victorian double door. The interior of the hall is a combination of Greek Revival and Late Victorian styles, the result of renovations and alterations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The interior has a small vestibule, with kitchen and ticket booth to one side, and stairs leading to a projection booth on the other. The main hall has an arched plaster ceiling, with a stage area occupying the easternmost fifth of the building.</p><br>
<p>The hall was built in 1840 for the town by Ebenezer Cobb, a local builder. Originally designated by the town exclusively for civic uses, this rule was relaxed in 1845, and the hall saw a variety of uses over the next century. In addition to town meetings, it housed social events and theatrical performances, and was briefly used for religious services. In 1887 the stage was added, and it was fitted for showing movies in 1917. The town ceased using it for civic purposes in 1952, selling it to the local American Legion chapter. The American Legion continued to let the building for functions, but folded in 1972. Ownership returned to the town, which deeded it to the Union Historical Society, which continues to operate it as a social meeting venue.</p><br>
<p>Amicombe Hill, also known as the Devil&#39;s Dome, is a hill in North Dartmoor in the southwest English county of Devon. At 584 metres high, it is the sixth highest peak in Devon and Dartmoor.</p><br>
<p>This bleak and remote hill lies within the military training area on Dartmoor and is not accessible to the public except at certain times. It forms an elongated, hooked ridge between the West Okement River to the east and Rattle Brook to the west and southwest.</p><br>
<p>The actual summit is the rock tor by the flagpole. Near the summit of the hill is Kitty Tor. On the steep eastern hillside are further prominent rocky outcrops, including a logan rock. To the west are the remains of Bleak House and other ruins. Great Links Tor (586m) lies around 1.5 km to the west-southwest and Dartmoor&#39;s highest peak, High Willhays (621m), lies about 2 km northeast.</p><br>
<p>The Waldoborough Town Pound is a historic animal pound on Main Street  in Waldoboro, Maine. Built in 1819, the stone structure is an important reminder of the town&#39;s agricultural past, and one of a few such structures of its type to survive in the state. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Waldoborough Town Pound is located on the west side of Main Street, south of United States Route 1 and just north of the Waldoboro Historical Society museum. It is a roughly rectangular structure, measuring 45 x, with its short face oriented toward the road. Its walls are fashioned out of uncoursed rough cut dry laid fieldstone, with a cap layer of squared granite slabs that have been fastened into the wall by large hand-forged staples driven through hand-drilled holes. The single entrance to the structure is located at the northern end of the street facade, with a single large slab of granite acting as a lintel over the opening. The opening would have been enclosed by a wooden gate during the pound&#39;s period of use.</p><br>
<p>Waldoboro&#39;s first town pound was a wooden structured erected in 1785, as a place to pen stray agricultural animals until they could be reclaimed by their owners. The present structure was authorized by the town in 1819, and fell out of use after the adoption of more scientific agricultural animal control practices. It is now owned and maintained by the historical society.</p><br>
<p>The Capt. Nathaniel Stone House, also known as the Ring House, is a historic house at 268 Maine Street  in Farmingdale, Maine. Built in 1872, it is the small community&#39;s only significant example of Second Empire architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Stone House stands on the west side of Maine Street in southeastern Farmingdale, just north of its junction with Sheldon Street. It is a 1-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a flared mansard roof providing space for a full second floor. It is topped by an elaborately decorated cupola. It is three bays wide, with the right bay projecting forward to give the building an L shape, with a single-story porch extending across the rest of the front. Roof eaves are studded with paired brackets, as are the cornices of projecting window bays on the front and side. The porch is supported by chamfered square posts, and features a low balustrade and a decorative valance. The roof is broken by gabled dormers with decorative hooded windows. The house&#39;s interior features original ornate wooden finishes, and fine fireplace mantels, including one of delicately veined black marble. The interior was damaged by fire in 1912, and some of its features reflect the design aesthetic of that period.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1872 by Nathaniel Stone and his son Uriah. Stone, retired at the time, had conducted a successful business career as a chandler and real estate investor, operating in Gardiner and Boston. They also built a similarly styled carriage barn, which was torn down in 1950. Uriah Stone sold the house in 1886 to William Ring. The house was set to be auctioned for unpaid taxes in 1912 when the fire broke out, claiming Ring&#39;s life. Although significantly damaged, it was largely rebuilt to its original appearance by its eventual buyer.</p><br>
<p>Newton Loch was situated in a low-lying area near Newton-on-Ayr, South Ayrshire, just south of the old South and West Sanquhar Farms. It is now only  visible as remnant heath land and surface darkening in pastureland, situated mainly in the Parish of Ayr and partly in St Quivox, South Ayrshire, Scotland.</p><br>
<p>The original outflow of Newton Loch was directly into the sea at Newton-on-Ayr via the Half Mile Burn and another outflow was the lade that ran down the Newton-on-Ayr Main Street to the Newton Mill or Malt Mill that was located on the bank of the River Ayr near where the New Bridge of Ayr is located.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>As stated, Newton loch was a natural feature, sitting in a depression, probably created by glaciation and originally shaped somewhat like a map of Great Britain on an west-east orientation. The loch waters originally drained and the area is indeed still partly drained via the Half Mile Burn that now flows underground until it empties into the sea via a pipe at the Newton-on-Ayr promenade. A second outflow also once existed via a mill lade that ran down the Newton-on-Ayr Main Street to power the Newton or Malt Mill that was located near where Ayr New Bridge is now located. The loch received its water supply from the Sanquhar and Crook mosses in addition to rainfall and land runoff.</p><br>
<h2>Newton or Malt Mill</h2><br>
<p>The Newton or Malt Mill was located at the end of Main Street in Newton-on-Ayr on the banks of the River Ayr and was named thus because of its location and because just across the river once stood the ancient Malt Cross, one of Ayr&#39;s old market places and a site for the delivering of civic justice such as the burning of witches.</p><br>
<p>The mill lade ran fully exposed along the side of the Newton-on-Ayr Main Street and would have been a serious nuisance to pedestrians as well as horses, cattle, carts and other road traffic. In 1641 the Newton Burgh Court ruled that ".na personne or personnis sall wash at ye leid betwixt ye dam and ye mylne any foul claithis, puddings, lynnt, hydis or any other fulzie or pollutit thyngis qrby ye watter may be pollutit or fyillit be night or be day."</p><br>
<p>The mill was not shown on the 1818 map by Wood however it must have survived until at least 1832 because it is recorded that it was used as a shelter by people who took part in the riots linked to the First Reform Election. William Aiton&#39;s map of 1811 suggests that water may still have been available for the mill.</p><br>
<h2>The draining of Newton Loch</h2><br>
<p>The loch served a practical purpose when it provided a water supply for the Newton or Malt Mill, however the farmers found the loch&#39;s land to be very rich leading to it being progressively drained and neatly divided up as shown on Ordnance Survey maps. The land in 2016 still appears from aerial images to be formed of a black, loamy soil.</p><br>
<p>The First Moss Dails and the Second Moss Dails were the site of the loch, two of the five dails or portions/shares of fields in Newton-on-Ayr. By 1747 only a small area of open water appears to be shown near Sanquhar Farm on Roys Map and the areas around are under cultivation. Andrew Armstrongs 1775 map indicates that no open water remained at all, however William Aitons map of 1811 (see above) may indicate two open areas of water, one of which may be Newton Loch.</p><br>
<p>The 1895 Ordnance Survey map does show a small area of surviving open water and associated wetland near Heathfield Road and this was possibly the last remnant of the once fairly extensive Newton Loch that is show as a wetland without open water in circa 1947 situated to the south of Heathlands Hospital in an area now occupied by a housing estate.</p><br>
<h2>Placename evidence</h2><br>
<p>Names such as the locality of Lochside, Lochside Road, Mosside, Crookmoss, Damside, Burnside, Newtonmor, Sanquhar (moss) and Heathfield recall the existence of the old loch, its outflows and inflows. Noltmire Road is located near site of the old Heathfield Hospital and means boggy land where cattle graze. Newton or Malt Mill, Burnboig and Boghall are recorded on older maps.</p><br>
<p>The three Sanquhar farms may even hint at the presence of a crannog, typical of many of the old Ayrshire lochs as Sanquhar is Gaelic for Old Fort although it may simply refer to the old Newton Castle that was originally known as Sanquhar Castle.</p><br>
<h3>Coal mining</h3><br>
<p>The lade running down to the Newton or Malt Mill also carried water from a pumping station linked to a coal pit near the old loch, the water table in the locality being very close to the surface at the time. The loch having been drained by 1775 only drainage and water from such sources were available to power the mill.</p><br>
<h3>Roads and railways</h3><br>
<p>The old roads to Edinburgh and Glasgow ran through the area. The Glasgow and South Western Railways Ayr Branch and Ayr and Mauchline Branch&#39; both run across the site of the old loch.</p><br>
<h2>Micro-history</h2><br>
<p>The Half Mile Burn was once the Parliamentary boundary of the Burgh of Ayr.</p><br>
<p>Decorah Woolen Mill, also known as the Meritol Building or Decorah Tire Service, is a historic building located in Decorah, Iowa, United States. The mill was originally constructed in 1867, and was operated by various owners in the years to come. They included the Decorah Glove and Mitten Works who operated in the building the same year, 1908, that it was struct by a tornado. The third floor sustained damage, and they continued operations here. By 1919 they were no longer in business here and the American Drug and Press Association, the Meritol Company, bought the building and expanded it. They made pharmaceuticals and patent medicines, and went bankrupt in 1932. Various other companies operated from here until 1955 when Decorah Tire Service took over. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The significance of this building is derived from its association with water-powered manufacturing in Decorah, and wool milling in Iowa and the Midwest in the 19th century. The Upper Iowa River, the source of its water power, flowed by the building until 1949 when the United States Army Corps of Engineers diverted it to the north as a flood prevention measure.</p><br>
<p>The Cooley-Whitney House  is a historic house located at 305 Grove Street in Decorah, Iowa.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The significance of this house is its architectural combination of the Italianate and Neoclassical styles, and its association with two prominent Decorah bankers. It was designed by local architect H. O. Ball, and built in 1867 by Wilson, Robertson & Company, a local contractor. The two-story, brick house features bracketed eaves, a wooden cornice, and a wrap-around bracketed porch. It was built for E. E. Cooley, an attorney who helped establish the First National Bank of Decorah. He was also involved with local politics. After his death in 1895, the house became the home of Lewis B. Whitney. He was the former Winneshiek County Treasurer who was one of the organizers of the National Bank of Decorah.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 25, 1980. It has been converted into a bed and breakfast.</p><br>
<p>The Horn House is a historic residence located northwest of Decorah, Iowa, United States. The significance of this house is the unique architectural combination of the Italianate and Georgian styles found in Iowa. The latter style is found in the symmetrical composition of the attached service wing. The two-story brick main block features a low-hipped roof, wide eaves and a plain wood cornice.</p><br>
<p>The house was built by Henry Harcourt Horn, a native of Hertfordshire who was part of the English Colony in the Decorah area. The colony was established in the early 1860s, principally by well-to-do Englishmen who tried to become gentleman farmers. Most of them, including Horn, failed. Horn moved into Decorah and tried his hand in a variety of businesses. He had to file for bankruptcy and lost his house in a sheriff&#39;s sale. He relocated to St. Paul, Minnesota where he took up a law career.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>Moonah Creek Hanging Tree is a heritage-listed tree at Ardmore Station, Waverley, Shire of Boulia, Queensland, Australia. It is also known as Killing Tree and Butchering Tree. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 8 September 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This Ghost Gum (Corymbia papuana) near the bank of Moonah Creek and the road connecting Urandangi to the Diamantina Developmental Road is located on Oban Holding in the parish of Moonah. According to oral history from Queensland&#39;s northwest Aboriginal communities, near the turn of the 19th century local police used the tree as a gallows from which they hanged 15 Aborigines as a reprisal for cattle spearing.</p><br>
<p>Oban Holding is situated on the Barkly Tableland, an area that has been used successfully for pastoral purposes since the 1870s. As in other parts of Queensland there was tension between pastoralists and the indigenous people, who were in competition for land and resources. Relations between the two groups were often strained, especially during the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>According to local oral history two policemen stationed at Urandangi, aided by Aboriginal trackers, rounded up a mob of Aborigines reputedly involved in cattle spearing. Using a gum tree they built a timber gallows and hanged these Aboriginal people as an example.</p><br>
<p>From 1898 to 1902 there were two police constables and a native tracker stationed at Urandangi, the nearest police station at the time when this event is said to have occurred. Under the Aborigines Protection and the Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act of 1897 police in remote and northern areas were also Protectors of Aborigines.</p><br>
<p>Representatives of the Waluwarra Aboriginal Corporation have extensive oral history relating the incident. However, no documentary evidence has been identified that gives the names of the people hanged, or whether there were more than 15 Aborigines involved in the cattle spearing.</p><br>
<p>It is not clear whether the Native Police were involved but there is no documentary evidence in the 60 years (1848-1913) during which the Native Police operated in Queensland that they ever hanged anyone. Many incidents have been recorded of native police shooting Aboriginal people, but not hanging them.</p><br>
<p>It is also possible that the Moonah Creek tree was used for the butchering of cattle. Killing or butchering trees are found on many properties. Usually a timber horizontal beam was tied into a fork in a tree or scarfed in, using an axe to mortice it in. Sometimes the tree would then grow around it, as occurred with the Moonah Creek tree. A timber vertical post sometimes supported the far end of the horizontal beam, to give the structure greater strength and stability.</p><br>
<p>In 1984 the tree was entered in the National Trust of Queensland&#39;s Register of Significant Trees for its reputed association with the hanging of Aboriginal people. The nominator wrote that he had first seen the Hanging Tree many years prior and described it as a beautiful Ghost Gum that over the years had grown around the timber beam, which could be seen clearly in 1964.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Commonly known as a Ghost Gum (Corymbia papuana) due to its whitish bark, the tree known as the Hanging Tree is located about 10 metres from the bank of Moonah Creek, close to the Urandangi-Mount Isa Road, where it stands in a landscape of grasses, Gidgee Gums, Ghost Gums and Coolibahs.</p><br>
<p>A March 2003 report stated that the tree was dead. It stood approximately eight metres in height, had lost two of its four major limbs and that the limb that held the "gallows beam" had fallen and lay broken on the ground. The beam itself was missing. The tree trunk had bad termite damage and a large crack running through it.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Moonah Creek Hanging Tree was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 8 September 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>According to local oral history, at the turn of the 19th century local police hanged 15 Aboriginal people from this tree near the bank of Moonah Creek on Oban Station, as a reprisal following a cattle spearing incident. Tension between indigenous and non-indigenous peoples was characteristic of the Queensland frontier, often resulting in tragic confrontations as the competition for land and resources escalated. While no documentary evidence of the hangings at Moonah Creek has been found, local Aboriginal people are convinced that the hangings took place and that the tree is a conflict site illustrative of the violent history of frontier relations in Queensland. The place has a strong association with the local Aboriginal community (the Waluwarra nation) and the regional community generally for its historical and social values.</p><br>
<p>Boulia Stone House is a heritage-listed detached house at Pituri Street, Boulia, Shire of Boulia, Queensland, Australia. It was built circa 1880s to 1890s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It is local tradition that the building was constructed in the mid 1880s for one of three possible uses. It may have been constructed by Ernest Eglington, Police Magistrate, as temporary accommodation for the Police Magistrate and Court House; by James Edward Jones as a store for Burnell and Jones, Merchants and Storekeepers; or as a private dwelling for Jones.</p><br>
<p>By the mid 1870s settlement had spread throughout north and west Queensland. Although wool and sheep prices improved in the early 1870s other problems, such as isolation, high carriage rates, shortage of labour and distances from markets remained serious. However, by 1873 capital for improvements became available from southern investors which led to a greater consolidation of the pastoral industry particularly in Western Queensland.</p><br>
<p>By 1877 a small settlement had been established on the bank of the Burke River. A community of tents sprang up around a store established by Ernest Henry, probably in the vicinity of a former carriers camp on the Boulia Waterhole. By 1879 a town reserve had been proclaimed. This reserve, of 1,280 acres, was resumed from the Bulla Bulla No.2 and No.4 Runs.</p><br>
<p>The town developed slowly although a mail run to Cloncurry started fairly quickly. The town was surveyed in 1882 by Government Surveyor Hartnell and the first land sales took place in 1883. Government facilities were established soon after. In 1883 a clerk of petty sessions was appointed and a telegraph station constructed in 1884.</p><br>
<p>The introduction of the Crown Land Act 1884 brought some changes to the small community. Part of the role of the 1884 Land Act was to provide for resumptions from pastoral holdings and to make "Agricultural and Grazing Farm Selection" a basic feature of permanent land settlement. While pastoralists in the western districts were not subject to this act they could apply to have their leases consolidated. Many pastoralists welcomed the idea of consolidation because the new settlers would provide a stable source of labour.</p><br>
<p>By 1891 Boulia had developed into a substantial community. In the Queensland Post Office Directories it was described as a pastoral town on the banks of the Burke River with a population of 150. There was a police magistrate, clerk of petty sessions, one sergeant of police, three constables and a tracker, post and telegraph office, a line repairer, two hotels, (The Australian and the Royal), a saddler and three storekeepers. By 1893 a school and progress association had been established.</p><br>
<p>The land on which the Stone House was constructed was purchased by Henry Sanders Shaw in March 1884. James Edward Jones, owner of the land for twenty years, purchased the site in 1897. The land was sold in 1917 to William Thomas Cobley Lilley and repurchased by James Edward Jones&#39; family in 1939. The property remained in the hands of the Jones family until 1978 when the Shire of Boulia purchased it.</p><br>
<p>The date of construction is unknown, but local folklore indicates that it was constructed in the mid 1880s by either storekeeper, James Edward Jones or Police Magistrate, Ernest Eglington. The idea that James Jones designed and constructed the building in 1885 is repeated in a news article published in 1979. Another report suggests that Ernest Eglington built the house as a temporary court house and barracks until the official government buildings were constructed.</p><br>
<p>Yet another local story holds that three stonemasons, from Armidale, New South Wales, were employed to work on the building which apparently took four years to construct. The stone is believed to have been quarried from nearby Limestone Ridge, while the roof framing timbers were cut at a local saw pit, and the iron roof sheeting carried by rail to Hughenden then by dray to Boulia. The house was reputedly constructed without nails.</p><br>
<p>While the above information may be correct, James Jones did not purchase the property until 1897, and, although he may have leased the land from Henry Shaw, there is no record of a lease on the titles information. It is known, however, that Jones took out a mortgage of £230 eight months after purchasing the property in January 1897.</p><br>
<p>Burnell and Jones, Merchants, appear in the Queensland Post Office Directories for Boulia in 1889. They continued as storekeepers in a partnership until the 1894-95 issue of the Directories after which only JE Jones is identified as a storekeeper. James Jones remains a storekeeper until 1913 when he is identified as a butcher. From 1920 to 1933 he is a gardener in Boulia.</p><br>
<p>The purchase of the block on the corner of Pituri and Hamilton Streets and the dissolution of the partnership with Burnell coincide with James Jones taking a mortgage on the property. It is possible that he constructed the house at that time. A further possibility is that the building was constructed as a store, by James Jones, with two entrances and a cellar for the storage of perishable goods.</p><br>
<p>Conservation work on the building was funded by a National Trust grant in 1976-77. The work was planned by National Trust architects and the plaster and masonry repairs were carried out by Brisbane plasterer Gino Sandrin.</p><br>
<p>After repair works were completed the building was converted to a museum and opened in the mid 1980s. In 1987 Boulia Historical Society was formed to assist with the running of the museum. In February 1994 the roof was damaged in a severe storm.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Boulia is a small township in far western Queensland, some 300 km south of Mount Isa, with a population of about three hundred. The Stone House is situated on the corner of Pituri and Hamilton Streets, one block from Herbert Street, the main street of Boulia.</p><br>
<p>Although the majority of the surviving buildings of the town date from the 1930s or later, there are some remaining early timber structures, such as the core of the Post Office (1885). The only other evidence of stone construction nearby is the ruins of the Native Police Barracks some 25 km from the town.</p><br>
<p>The external walls of the house are of local sandstone and limestone with lime mortar weathered by the red sand. The stonework is laid as random rubble to courses, and squared at edges and openings.</p><br>
<p>The cottage has a core of four stone rooms, with a timber kitchen and enclosed verandah extending to the rear between stone blade walls. The hipped corrugated iron roof features ridge cappings of corrugated sheet beaten flat. There is an open verandah to the front of the house, paved in stone similar to the walls.</p><br>
<p>Entry to the house is by a pair of glazed French doors which open onto the front verandah. There is a matching opening where a second pair of doors apparently once were. The windows to the house are double hung, with some sashes missing and an assortment of pane arrangements. Other doors are low-waisted four panel doors. The joints of the roof framing are bolted, and the joints of the window frames are pegged.</p><br>
<p>The interior walls have been plastered. There is presently no ceiling, exposing the timber roof framing to view. The timber top plates show markings of being pit sawn. The front two rooms and the rear verandah have concrete floors, and the other rooms timber. Through a timber trapdoor to the rear of the house, steps lead down to a basement room. It has a low head height, exposed stone walls and an earth floor.</p><br>
<p>The house presently contains a wide variety of museum artefacts and display cases, demonstrating aspects of early western lifestyle.</p><br>
<p>The grounds are partly grassed, and have some small trees. To the rear of the site are sheds containing other museum functions. The site is presently enclosed with a high wire mesh fence. At the front of the site is a large sign introducing the museum, and giving background information on the Stone House.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Boulia Stone House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Built in the mid 1880s, the house reflects the growth of Boulia and district after the consolidation of properties under the Crown Land Act 1884, is illustrative of the boom in sheep and wool production after the drought, and is evidence of the role of Boulia as a commercial centre for the district since that time.</p><br>
<p>Reputedly taking four years to build, it is an example of the utilisation of local materials for construction in remote areas, and is part of the late nineteenth century stone building tradition of central Australia which stretched into western Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Stone House is recognised as one of Boulia&#39;s oldest surviving buildings, and is also the only stone building extant in the township. It is greatly valued by the local community as one of their few identified historic places. Because of the role they the house has played in the commercial and public life of the town, this value is demonstrated by its purchase by the local Council, and its establishment as the local museum.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Stone House is recognised for its aesthetic qualities, and its contribution to the character of the Boulia townscape. Much of the early building fabric still exists, and the external stone walls in particular reflect the colours and textures of the region.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Before being bought by the Boulia Shire Council, the house remained in the Jones family for at least 70 of its 90 years, and members of that family still live in the area.</p><br>
<p>Burketown Post Office is a heritage-listed former post office at Musgrave Street, Burketown, Shire of Burke, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by George Connolly and built in 1887. It is also known as Burketown Tourist Information Centre. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 1 January 1993.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Burketown Post Office, constructed in 1887 after a cyclone devastated the town on March 5, was built to a design prepared by the Queensland Colonial Architect&#39;s office.</p><br>
<p>Pastoral settlement began in the Burke District in the 1860s after explorers such as Burke and Wills and William Landsborough reported on the good grazing land available in the region. To support the settlers in the remote district the Queensland Government established a supply depot on William Landsborough&#39;s 1862 camp site on the banks of the Albert River. This first settlement was abandoned in 1865 after Robert Towns established a store further downstream and closer to deep water anchorage.</p><br>
<p>The new site was surveyed soon after and the prosperity of the town seemed assured when a meatworks and the Boiling Down Works were built and a government judicial and administrative centre was located there. Unfortunately, a mystery disease caused great loss of life in February, 1866 and again in 1867 and 1868, forcing the population to virtually abandon the town.</p><br>
<p>After the threat of disease had passed Burketown re-established itself as a supply depot for the pastoral industry. However, the town did not come to prominence again until the early 1880s. when government services were re-established. The Post Office, closed in June 1871, was reopened on 1 January, 1883 with the post master also filling the role of police magistrate, customs officer and weather forecaster.</p><br>
<p>The district was further opened up when the domestic telegraph line reached Burketown in October, 1886. The Queensland Government had originally hoped that Burketown would be the terminus for an international telegraph line from Java to Australia. Inter colonial rivalry saw the contract for the overseas line go to South Australia in November, 1872. Although the Queensland Government was disappointed, the line was completed to Normanton. However, the link to Burketown was not completed until 1886 after the re-establishment of government services to the district.</p><br>
<p>The present building, constructed as a post office, was built after the 5 March 1887 cyclone which destroyed most of Burketown. The building was designed in the office of the Colonial Architect, George Connolly. During this period, an expansion in the Post and Telegraph translated into Queensland Post Offices being designed with more of a public facade than its adjoining residence, and showed a development of climatic responses such as verandahs and wide eaves. The Burketown Post Office was an example of a post office style, popular from 1886 to 1896, featuring a triple-frontage with projecting office bay.</p><br>
<p>The new office was a combined Post and Telegraph Office with responsibility for the issuing of mail orders and the management of land based mail contractors plying between Burketown and Normanton, south to Hughenden and Townsville and west via Gregory Downs to Camooweal. This network was a vital link for people located on stations across the northern part of Queensland. The stability of the Gulf region was also enhanced by the growth in mercantile trade as shipping companies, such as Australasian Steam Navigation Company, were awarded government-subsidised mail contracts. As a result, there was a monthly shipping service into and out of the region which was made more economically viable by the introduction of Parcel Post in 1892. The post office was proclaimed an official Post Office in 1893 with the post master assuming the role of land commissioner and land agent for the Department of Public Lands in 1897.</p><br>
<p>Following the Federation of Australia, in March 1901, control of the postal system was transferred to the Australian Government, with the post office continuing to operate until 1921 when it was reclassified. The Post Office was downgraded again in 1949 and in November, 1964 it was reclassified as a non-official post office. In 1985 Burketown Post Office became a Post Office Agency and ceased functioning altogether in 1988.</p><br>
<p>In 1988, as part of a Bicentennial project, the building was moved from its original site in Gregory Street to its present location. After the move it was used to house the office of the Gulf Air Company.</p><br>
<p>There has been an increase in interest in tourism since the Riversleigh Fossil Site was declared a world heritage area and since the Gulf region has become more accessible with improvement to roads and transport. Burketown is becoming a favourite destination particularly for people interested in fishing in Gulf waters and coastal rivers. A tourist information centre has been established in the former Post Office to assist visitors and tourists and to promote interest in the history and culture of the area.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Burketown Post Office (now Tourist Information Centre) is a single-storey timber building, located on the south-eastern corner of the intersection of Musgrave and Burke Streets, Burketown. Situated in the North-west of Queensland, Burketown lies on the northern fringe of the Gulf Savanna, about 30 km. from the shores of the Gulf of Carpentaria.</p><br>
<p>The site is on the rim of the town&#39;s small commercial area, with the present Boulia Shire Offices adjacent, and further to the east the hotel and shops.</p><br>
<p>The building is positioned diagonally across the site, facing north-west towards the intersection of two of the town&#39;s typically wide streets. In front of the building, at this north-western corner of the site, is the concrete war memorial backed by three flagpoles. Plaques on this memorial commemorate those who served and died in the Boer War, World War I and World War II, Malaya, Korea, Vietnam and Borneo.</p><br>
<p>The building has an L-shaped plan form, with the former Post Office at the western end, and the remainder formerly the residence. The gabled roof, clad in corrugated iron, follows the form of the building and accentuates the projecting bay of the office. The building features three open verandahs, to the front and rear of the residence, and the side of the office. The external walls are clad in weatherboards, punctuated by vertical sliding sash windows, with timber-framed window hoods to those of the north-eastern elevation. The building is low set, now supported on steel posts, with timber steps to each verandah and the entry porch.</p><br>
<p>The principal entry is a slightly asymmetrical gabled porch attached to the front of the projecting bay of the former office. Unlined internally, the porch retains the letter slot to the side of the panelled French entry doors.</p><br>
<p>The office is a rectangular room with a high boarded ceiling, horizontal beaded boards lining the walls and a boarded floor. To the public area at the front of the room is the timber counter and small timber side benches, constructed of similar beaded boards. On the rear wall is mounted several external signs from the former Post Office. Through a pair of glazed French doors is the south-western verandah, partly enclosed at the rear, and featuring arched valance boards between the posts. Behind the office is a small service room currently being fitted as a kitchen.</p><br>
<p>The north-western verandah provides entry to the former residence. Opening onto this verandah are the central four-panelled entry door, a pair of glazed French doors to one side and the same missing from the other.</p><br>
<p>The residence consists of four major rooms in an L-shaped configuration, around the rear verandah. The largest of these, the former sitting room is entered through the central door, with two former bedrooms and the kitchen along the eastern wing. Generally these rooms have internal linings similar to that of the office, apart from the kitchen which has no lining boards to the walls. Doors are generally low-waisted four-panelled doors, apart from a boarded door now to the recently constructed ensuite in the second bedroom, which was apparently relocated from the kitchen. On the rear verandah is a small utility room, now a public toilet. Apart from the signs in the office, the building also retains a telephone exchange, now located in the former bedroom.</p><br>
<p>The site is level, well grassed and scattered with a few small trees. To the rear of the site are some machinery relics.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Burketown Post Office was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 1 January 1993 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Burketown Post Office is significant for its association with early government functions in the remote Gulf and North West regions of Queensland and as a base for the delivery of a range of government services to the people of the area for over a century. It represents the importance of community services such as postal services, telegraph and telephone communications and weather forecasting to a remote community.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1887, the former Post Office is one of few early structures surviving in the town.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The building demonstrates the quality of government buildings erected in remote locations, with design responses to the climate such as high ceilings, window hoods and three substantial verandahs. Representative of a Post Office building type, it features a triple-frontage with a projecting bay accentuating the office, yet retains its domestic form and scale. The majority of the layout remains intact.</p><br>
<p>It still contains some fittings from its Post Office function, such as timber counters and benches, signs and the telephone exchange.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>While the former Burketown Post Office has contributed to the townscape since its construction, relocation to a larger corner site, facing the war memorial, has given the building a new prominence in the townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The establishment of the Tourist Information Centre is allowing the building to continue providing an important community function through its contribution to the burgeoning tourist industry of the region.</p><br>
<p>Boiling Down Works is a heritage-listed boiling down works at Truganinni Road, Burketown, Shire of Burke, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1891 to 1901. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 August 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first boiling down works was established in 1867. The plan was to cure beef in brine for export to Batavia. However, the business was not successful and closed in 1870.</p><br>
<p>Construction of a new boiling down works commenced in November 1891 and was operational in July 1892. However, it closed for a period around 1893-4 due to the drought. In February 1896 it shut down again after a quarantine order to prevent the spread of disease and cattle tick.</p><br>
<p>In April 1898 it was announced that the Endeavour Meat Export Agency would re-open the Burketown meatworks. However, the meatworks burned down in June 1898 and had to be rebuilt in order to re-open in June 1899.</p><br>
<p>In February 1901, the works was doing well, processing 20,000 cattle in a season. However, the business had losses from its decision to own and operate its own ships. In October 1901, the works closed temporarily due to a shortage of cattle because of the high prices being paid for cattle by Kidman Brothers and Elder, Smith & Co. In November 1902, the Queensland Government withdrew its meat inspectors from the works because of "the closing down of the meatworks and the uncertainty of about their reopening".</p><br>
<p>In 1911, in a bid to get a railway link from Burketown in order to ship cattle for processing on the east coast, it was claimed that it was no longer possible to process the cattle in Burketown as "the white ants are making havoc with all that remains of the Burketown works".</p><br>
<p>Campbell Hill  is a mountain located in Piggabeen, New South Wales , Australia. It is located in the region of the Tweed Shire in the state of New South Wales, in the eastern part of the country, 900 km north of the capital, Canberra, approximately 107 km from Brisbane and 24 km from Surfers Paradise. Campbell Hill is approximately 123 m above sea level. Piggabeen is situated in the hinterland approximately 5 km behind the Gold Coast Highway and the Gold Coast International and Domestic Airport. Piggabeen and its valley adjoins Currumbin Valley in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The terrain around Campbell Hill is flat to hilly and the mount faces to the northeast. From the top of Campbell Hill you can capture views of the Pacific Ocean, Surfers Paradise, the Gold Coast Airport, the township of Coolangatta that are all within Queensland and also Fingal Head in New South Wales. Campbell Hill is situated approximately 6 km directly inland from Bilinga Beach on the Gold Coast.</p><br>
<p>The nearest society, Tweed Heads, is 7.4 km east of Campbell Hill. Campbell Hill is approximately 10 minutes drive from Coolangatta and Tweed Heads. Gold Coast swimming and surfing beaches such as Kirra, Greenmount, and Rainbow Bay are also close by.</p><br>
<p>The area around Campbell Hill consists mainly large acreage homesites. Campbell Hill is located approximately 1.2 km from the southern entrance of the recently approved (May 2011) Cobaki Lakes development. This is a large scale residential development that will eventually hold up 5,500 dwellings, and up to 12,000 people.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The climate in the area is temperate. The average annual temperature in the area is approximately 20 °C. The warmest month is January, when the average temperature is 24 °C and the coldest is July, with 14 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1876 mm. The wettest month is January, with an average of 327 mm rainfall, and the driest is October, with 40 mm of rainfall.</p><br>
<p>Old Westmoreland Homestead is a heritage-listed homestead at Westmoreland Station, Nicholson, Shire of Burke, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Thomas Brassey McIntosh and built in c. 1882 by Thomas Brassey McIntosh. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 31 July 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Westmoreland Station, near the border with the Northern Territory and close to the Gulf of Carpentaria, was taken up in 1881 by Thomas and Robert McIntosh, Robert Philp and William Kirk. It originally comprised 640 square miles (approximately 165,759.24 hectares). Thomas Brassey McIntosh managed the property for the partners, and constructed the two-roomed stone house now known as Old Westmoreland Homestead. It is believed by many local residents to be the oldest surviving home in the district.</p><br>
<p>When Westmoreland was taken up in the early 1880s, guerrilla warfare between the indigenous owners of the land and the occupying pastoralists was being waged throughout the Gulf country. There are many conflict sites in the area, including Hells Gate (about 20 miles (32 kilometres) south-east of Westmoreland), Massacre Inlet and Battle Creek. The homestead on Westmoreland station was constructed with thick stone walls, inward opening doors, and few windows, to provide security for people and property during potential attacks by Aborigines.</p><br>
<p>By 1887 the South Australian Mortgage and Land Company had taken over the lease of Westmoreland, which by 1891 had been transferred to the Bank of Australasia.</p><br>
<p>When consolidated in 1895, the station comprised Westmoreland and Westmoreland Nos. 1 to 4, 7 and 11. The main homestead was located on Westmoreland No. 3, where improvements included an iron-roofed stone homestead, kitchen, and outbuildings, the whole valued at £200. The block comprised 100 square miles (25 899.881 103 hectares), with rich creek flats, steep stony ridges and open forests of box, bloodwood and tea-tree. Much of the land was thickly grassed and had permanent water, and was considered good cattle-fattening country in ordinary seasons.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1890s Queensland entered a period of severe and widespread drought. The Gulf country was affected and in 1897 the lease to the Westmoreland consolidated run was forfeited and the run remained unoccupied for about 15 years.</p><br>
<p>From 1 October 1912 Westmoreland was let on a 30 year lease to John Norman McIntyre. At this time the consolidated run was estimated to comprise over 655 square miles (169 644.221 22 hectares). In 1913 McIntyre complained that the valuations on the property were over 20 years old and many of the improvements no longer existed. On Westmoreland No.3 the roof structure to the stone homestead had been eaten by white ants and the kitchen had collapsed.</p><br>
<p>In 1916 the Westmoreland Pastoral Company took over the lease, and conducted the Westmoreland run in conjunction with its other properties: Cliffdale and Patterdale in Queensland and Wollogorang in the Northern Territory.</p><br>
<p>A valuation inspection of Westmoreland undertaken in 1932 valued the stone homestead and outbuildings at £300, the homestead stockyards at £200 and total improvements at £1,210. In 1937, a further appraisal noted that the stone homestead was the only extant residential structure on Westmoreland; there were no huts on any of the other blocks. At this period the Westmoreland Board of Directors comprised Sir William Charles Angliss and Walter Sidney Palethorpe Kidman (son of Sidney Kidman), two well-known Australian pastoralists. The lease passed to John Allan Fennell in 1938 and Thomas Staines Bernard Terry in 1939.</p><br>
<p>A new residence was constructed adjacent to the stone house during the second half of the twentieth century. It is not considered to be of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Old Westmoreland Homestead is located within the precinct of the present head station adjacent to dwellings, cold room, garages and workshops. It is set amongst lawns to the south of the main sheds and a dwelling, and east of the present homestead.</p><br>
<p>The original two-roomed homestead is constructed from hewn sandstone blocks using ant bed mortar and fill. It measures 10 metres by 14 metres, inclusive of the surrounding verandah, which is approximately 2.3 metres wide. The hipped roof of early corrugated galvanised iron is nailed with lead-head nails to bush timber roof rafters and purlins. It is secured to the external verandah posts with wire twitches. The roof is unlined.</p><br>
<p>Several of the round timber posts supporting the verandah roof have been replaced due to termite damage. The original posts appear to have been replicated in style if not in size or, possibly, timber species.</p><br>
<p>The original doors have been replaced with VJ plank doors, some half- height. Several have rim locks evident. The original timber door lintels are present but severely damaged by termites. The windows are voids with traces of the original joinery evident.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building is divided into two rooms by a partition of hardwood framing and single-skin corrugated iron to ceiling height, the roof space open above this. Centrally positioned in this wall is the doorway connecting the two rooms. Above the door is a ventilation panel in-filled with metal lattice.</p><br>
<p>The floor was originally dirt or ant bed (pers comm. G Gould, owner). At some stage prior to 1980 it was concreted inside. Antbed flooring remains on the north-east verandah and most of the south-east verandah. It was repaired in the period 1980 to 2004.</p><br>
<p>The building is currently used for storage and outdoor entertainment. A later kitchen, 3 metres by 4 metres, constructed of metal framing and cladding, is located on the south-western side of the homestead. It is not considered to be of cultural heritage significance. The original, separate kitchen, located to the north of the building, is no longer extant.</p><br>
<p>A photograph taken in 1963-1964 shows an added skillion on the northeast side extending the full length of the building. At some unknown date this has been truncated to its present size. There is no evidence to suggest whether this was part of the original homestead or, more likely, a later addition.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Old Westmoreland Homestead was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 31 July 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Old Westmoreland Homestead, constructed, is important for its association with, and as rare surviving evidence of, early efforts to establish the pastoral industry in north-west Queensland in the second half of the nineteenth century, during a period of frontier violence. The building shows clear evidence of being constructed with due consideration for possible conflict: thick walls (which would also have helped insulate the building), inward opening doors, and few windows.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Although there has been some adaptation the building remains a rare example of vernacular nineteenth century stone pastoral homesteads in Queensland. The use of antbed mortar was once quite widespread, but few examples remain where this versatile material was put to use.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Old Westmoreland Homestead exemplifies the simple dwellings established during nineteenth century colonial settlement in remote parts of Queensland. The simplistic form of the building, and the use of local materials, demonstrates the principal characteristics of this class of place: nineteenth century pastoral property homesteads.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place retains a high degree of aesthetic value generated by the picturesque qualities of the simple design and the rustic materials employed in the construction: sandstone for the walls; ant bed for mortar and flooring; corrugated galvanised iron to clad the roof; and rough-cut bush timbers for the verandah posts.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Hotel is a heritage-listed former hotel at 36 Stansfield Street, Hughenden, Shire of Flinders, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Munro and Co and built in 1910 by Richie and Doig. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 April 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Constructed in 1910, The Grand Hotel is a good example of a two-storeyed, timber, corner hotel once typical of rural Queensland towns. It was established at a time of growth and the development of Hughenden as a service centre and railhead for the surrounding pastoral properties and mineral fields. The hotel was prominently sited at the intersection of Hughendens two principal streets and was regarded as the districts premium hotel. Constructed from timber and iron, the hotel has a number of characteristics of the vernacular Queensland style.</p><br>
<p>Hughenden is situated on the banks of the Flinders River, 383 kilometres southwest of Townsville. With a population of about two thousand, it is the largest town in the area and is an important road and rail centre. Pentland and the smaller towns of Prairie and Torrens Creek are the only other sizeable settlements in the district.</p><br>
<p>Frederick Walker traversed the Hughenden district in October 1861, leaving a blazed tree where Hughenden is today. William Landsborough explored the region the following year. Both parties had been searching for evidence of the ill-fated Burke & Wills expedition. Although the search itself was not successful, the real success lay in Landsborough&#39;s investigation of the Gulf of Carpentaria and the inland rivers. The discovery of the importance of the Flinders and Gregory Plains for stock, and of the Albert River as an export and supply port led to the opening up of Western Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Ernest Henry of McConnell Station on the Burdekin River was not only the founder of Hughenden but also Cloncurry. Hughenden was named after the Tudor Manor House of Henrys grandfather in Buckinghamshire, England. Henrys claims for the pastoral leases of Hughenden and other runs were the first to be entered in the Commissioner for Crown Land&#39;s register. In 1863 Henry travelled to the Burdekin with his cousin Robert Gray to purchase livestock that would become the founding stock of Hughenden Station.</p><br>
<p>In 1865 Henry sold Hughenden Station to Gray. As the pastoral industry grew, so did the stock route network. Hughenden station was used as a drovers camp. In 1876, Gray allowed William Marks to build a hotel on the station to cater for travellers passing through to the Cloncurry mining area. Hughendens first hotel, the Great Western, opened in 1877, the same year in which the town was surveyed.</p><br>
<p>By the 1880s stock routes were used extensively and the Hughenden-Winton and Hughenden-Cloncurry route were the major routes of northwestern Queensland. The town continued to expand as a service centre for the district with the commencement of regular Cobb and Co coach services. In 1887 the Great Northern railway reached Hughenden after having been extended from Prairie. Prior to the railway being extended towards Winton and Cloncurry the town depended on the carrier trade with up to fifty teams unloading at the railway station. In 1888 Wilmetts Almanac described Hughenden as being on the direct route to Cloncurry, a district rich in minerals, including gold reefs, copper lodes and opals. Hughenden continued to prosper due to the richness of the soil and its close proximity to the Flinders River. The addition of a dumping company where wool from the surrounding district was pressed before being railed to Townsville also ensured the town&#39;s survival. It was also the main trucking place for stock and for central meat works. As a transport hub for stock, supplies and as a service centre for the northwestern district, Hughenden had no equal at the end of the nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>The town gained further significance with the Shearers&#39; Strikes of 1891 and 1894. This occurred because of the use by pastoralists of non-union and Chinese labourers. In 1891 a tree on the banks of the Flinders River was blazed to commemorate the strike.</p><br>
<p>The decade in which The Grand Hotel was constructed (1910) was a progressive time: an ice works was constructed along with a skating rink, a showgrounds grandstand and the towns first motor garage. Economically Hughenden prospered and companies such as Cummins & Campbells Pty Ltd which had been trading in the area since 1899 established an agency in Hughenden in 1909.</p><br>
<p>In common with so many other Queensland country towns, a large number of timber hotels in Hughenden were destroyed by fire. Just prior to opening both The Grand Hotel and the Shamrock Hotel were subject to an arson attempt. In 1903 ten public houses existed in Hughenden. The Railway Hotel burnt down in 1903 along with several businesses. In 1923 the Royal Hotel, Commercial Hotel and several other businesses including a bank and the post office, were destroyed and in 1925 the Metropole Hotel and Cafe were consumed by fire. The Shamrock Hotel was destroyed by fire in 1967. The Great Western Hotel burnt to the ground on Christmas Eve 1976 and the rebuilt Royal Hotel was destroyed by fire in 1980. This then left The Grand Hotel as the last 20th Century timber hotel in Hughenden.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Hotel was designed by Munro and Co with Townsville builders Richie and Doig responsible for construction. William Munro had arrived in Queensland in 1886 and was employed as an architect by Rooney Bros of Townsville. After winning a local competition for the design of the "Queensland" Hotel in Townsville, Munro joined Walter Eyre in partnership in 1887. After the firm ceased trading in 1892, Munro worked for the government however continued with private contracts. The owner and first publican of The Grand Hotel was Mary Robinson. The North Queensland Herald reported on 12 September 1910 that Mrs Robinson&#39;s new hotel would be named "Imperial", but after narrowly escaping destruction by an arsonist, the new hotel officially opened as the "Grand Hotel" on 7 October.</p><br>
<p>The North Queensland Herald described the Hotel as a symmetrical two-storied structure on the main thoroughfare from the railway. On the ground floor there was a bar with four parlours, hall entrances from both streets, an office, billiard room and dining room. It was framed with hardwood and silky oak chamfer boards and beneath the bar there was an extensive cellar with street access. The first storey contained 11 double bedrooms and four single rooms. A large sitting room featured a discreet private sitting room for ladies at the eastern end of the balcony. Guest amenities were provided by the three upstairs bathrooms. French lights, ornamental bracket scroll louvres and coloured glass panels with ornamental margin lights featured at the end of each hall. The Hotel was lighted throughout by aerogen gas; a pressurised mixture of air and petrol vapour. This method was described as being a "novel system" of lighting in the west.</p><br>
<p>In September 1912 Mrs Robinson leased The Grand Hotel to Patrick O&#39;Neill, a former representative of James Stewart and Co in Rockhampton. In 1924 William John Gillespie bought The Grand Hotel. It remained in the Gillespie family until 1945 when it was purchased by Burns Philp and Company Ltd.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Hotel was touted as the towns premiere hotel from its inception and by 1927 it was being advertised as a Commercial Travellers Association (CTA) approved house. A CTA approved House was regarded as the finest hotel in town and The Grand Hotel was the only CTA house in Hughenden. Located two minutes from the Post Office, its attractions included first class cuisine, Allcocks latest Billiard Tables and plunge and shower baths. At this time a licence was required to have a billiard table on commercial premises. Good stabling and sample rooms where members could display their goods was a feature of the hotel. Not only did the Grand provide accommodation and meals for boarders and visitors to the town, but it also acted as an informal club. Public and lounge bar facilities catered for different types of clientele. These functions made it very important in the life of a town.</p><br>
<p>The Hotels furniture and fittings were of high quality. Its silky oak furniture was manufactured by Rooney Bros. of Townsville and was probably built around the time of the Grands construction in 1910. The fanlight panels above the doors are identical to a pattern used by Rooney&#39;s indicating that the Company made them. The facilities and ambience of the upper common room were regarded as the finest of any hotel in the north-west. It was furnished with a ping-pong table, palms and ferns in floor planters and hanging ferns. The furniture consisted of lawyer cane chairs and tables. A large room on the first storey was known as the "Bull Ring" and was used as accommodation for shearers. When the Hughenden show occurred the hotel was at full capacity. Extra accommodation was provided through the use of canvas stretchers which were stored on site and were only used at times of increased demand.</p><br>
<p>During the 1930s and 1940s The Grand Hotel and the Central Hotel vied for competition as the town&#39;s premium accommodation. The Grand Hotel was used to billet the wives and children of Australian Army and Air Force Officers during 1942-1945. The Japanese threat of aerial attack or a land invasion on coastal areas meant many people relocated to western areas. Hughenden with its large number of hotels was used as accommodation for families. A RAAF Aerodrome was located at Hughenden and the US Army Air force had an airfield under construction at the nearby town of Torrens Creek by 23 March 1942.</p><br>
<p>Around 1952 a two storey masonry section was added to the rear of the hotel, which involved the demolition of two adjacent small shops unconnected to the hotel. This masonry section extended the Grand&#39;s bar facilities.</p><br>
<p>Hughenden remains an important business centre for families on outlying stations and is increasingly being used by motor tourists as a rest stop. Images of The Grand Hotel feature in tourist information for the area and it is also visible in a series of television advertisements for the north-west promoting the "Dinosaur Trail" fossil exhibits of the region. The hotel closed in July 2004 due to new fire regulations and increased insurance costs. However, the Grand still displays many of its original design features. It is the last of the town&#39;s many early hotels and is the largest and most ornate two storey timber hotel in northwestern Queensland.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Grand Hotel is located on the corner of Gray and Stansfield Streets facing north and west and is one of the larger buildings in Hughenden. The main entrance to the bar is typically located at the corner. The hotel is double-storey and has a roughly rectangular plan. It was originally "L" shaped with a kitchen wing forming a courtyard at the rear, which subsequent additions have enclosed. Although a relatively plain building it achieves some prominence through its size compared to its neighbours and the effect of the deep, scalloped valance below the first floor veranda balustrade.</p><br>
<p>The hotel is of timber frame construction with exposed studding and horizontal chamferboard walls with internal beading. These materials have been overlaid or replaced in several areas. There is a substantial, rendered masonry (probably concrete block) extension to the south wing.</p><br>
<p>The main roof is hipped and covered with painted corrugated iron. This has been continued over the masonry extension to the south. There are four roof ventilators conspicuously ranged along the line of the ridge. The verandahs are bull nose. Where the courtyard has been enclosed the roof is in separate sections linked together with box gutters. At the rear the veranda roof, although enclosed is still legible and consists of convex curved corrugated iron.</p><br>
<p>There is a substantial double-storey outbuilding behind the hotel on the western boundary. It has a timber framed chamferboard upper floor supported on reinforced concrete columns. The roof is hipped and covered with painted corrugated iron.</p><br>
<p>The north and east elevations are dominated by the double storey verandah. The posts are timber although those on the extremities have been replaced with steel columns. At first floor level there is a two-rail dowel balustrade over a deep, scalloped, valance formed from tongue-and-groove matchboards and decorative fretwork brackets. Four bays of the balustrade have been replaced with galvanised iron sheet and most of the fretwork brackets are missing. Where the building has been extended the veranda is fully enclosed with adjustable timber louvres.</p><br>
<p>The south elevation reflects the additions that have occurred over time. These are illustrated in changes of roof pitch, joint lines in the chamferboard and various window types. The masonry section has a painted render finish with side-hung casement windows. There is a single flight, steel and timber stair leading to the first floor. The remaining walls reflect several additions.</p><br>
<p>The north elevation similarly illustrates the changes that have been made to the building, particularly alterations to the windows. There are four relatively ornate window hoods to first floor windows.</p><br>
<h3>Interior Ground floor</h3><br>
<h4>Dining room</h4><br>
<p>The dining room is located in the northwest corner of the building and is in more or less original condition. The west wall has been panelled over and the windows blocked. Three sets of double doors to the service corridor have been widened at some stage and then sealed. The remaining walls have their original boards. The ceiling is intact, with two decorative fretwork vents. The floor is covered with carpet.</p><br>
<h4>Entrance hall</h4><br>
<p>The entrance hall is a simple space with a non-original door and sidelights. The walls are horizontal boards and the ceiling is tongue and groove matchboard. The staircase is comparatively elaborate with very large newel posts and contrasts with the general plainness of the building. The window at the landing is glazed with decorative glass.</p><br>
<h4>Bar area</h4><br>
<p>This is a large space and presumably combines several earlier rooms. Almost no original fabric is visible, the walls being panelled in plywood and the ceiling covered in fibro. Over the bar area air conditioning ducting has been enclosed in a lowered ceiling finished with acoustic tiles. An irregular concrete slab has been laid across about half of the floor.</p><br>
<h4>Masonry extension</h4><br>
<p>At ground floor level this extension to the building includes part of the Bar, the ladies and gents toilets and a small shop, opening off the veranda footpath.</p><br>
<h4>Kitchen area</h4><br>
<p>There is a service corridor between the kitchen and the dining room that may originally have been an open veranda. The kitchen is presumably in its original location. Walls and ceiling are panelled over and the wood stove, which is in a masonry alcove, has been completely sealed off. A small pantry and cold room are located on what was presumably an open veranda alongside the kitchen.</p><br>
<p>A store, laundry and a flight of stairs leading to the first floor are adjacent to the kitchen. Veranda posts and valance alongside the stairs indicate that this was part of an open veranda.</p><br>
<h4>Gaming / Bar area / Garage</h4><br>
<p>These spaces have been introduced into the original courtyard area over time in a fairly haphazard way with a variety of materials. The original veranda posts remain in position either incorporated into the walls or freestanding.</p><br>
<h3>First floor</h3><br>
<h4>Hotel rooms</h4><br>
<p>All rooms are in largely original condition, the only changes being to external fanlights to accommodate air conditioners and the internal fretwork fanlights being covered over. The rooms on the outside corner are larger than the others while the room on the inside corner is totally enclosed but has a central skylight (now covered).</p><br>
<h4>Managers Flat</h4><br>
<p>The flat occupies the upper floor of the masonry extension to the building. It is essentially a two bedroom flat with a large portion of the veranda enclosed with adjustable timber louvres. While there is a sink in the living area there is no kitchen. The floor is timber covered with carpet.</p><br>
<h4>Store and other rooms</h4><br>
<p>Several rooms are located over the kitchen area. It is possible that these rooms may have been added later with a veranda connecting with that of the main building.</p><br>
<h4>Toilets and Bathrooms</h4><br>
<p>These are all relatively recent and have been built over the original courtyard area in several stages.</p><br>
<h3>Courtyard</h3><br>
<p>The central area of what was the courtyard has been covered over with a boarded floor forming a common room for hotel guests. The roof is raised above that of the original veranda roof to allow the insertion of clerestory windows to all sides.</p><br>
<h4>Beer garden</h4><br>
<p>This is a large concreted area with two freestanding pavilions of recent construction.</p><br>
<h4>Outbuilding</h4><br>
<p>The outbuilding has several service enclosures and a laundry area located at ground floor level. The upper floor has two small rooms and one large room opening off a wide veranda. A bathroom and toilet also open off the veranda.</p><br>
<h3>The site</h3><br>
<p>The road frontage boundaries have a paling fence while the southern boundary has a post and wire fence. The western boundary is unfenced. An "L" shaped concrete slab is located in the southeastern corner of the site. This was the veranda floor for two transportable buildings since removed. A few pepper trees are located adjacent to the west elevation and some mature trees and shrubs along the Gray Street boundary. There is little indication of a formal garden.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Grand Hotel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 April 2007 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in 1910, The Grand Hotel is one of a number of timber hotels erected in Hughenden in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. As a provider of food, accommodation and entertainment, the number and size of hotels in a town were used as an indicator of the prosperity of a district. The Grand, as the earliest surviving hotel in Hughenden, illustrates the unprecedented growth then occurring in the Flinders Shire, when Hughenden was the flourishing centre of a substantial pastoral and mining district. It was also a major transport node in the important east-west route to the coast, and was often considered the gateway to the pastoral West. This traffic needed hotels, of which the Grand was one of the more select. The hotel is significant as a substantially intact example of western Queensland hotel architecture.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The building demonstrates the principal characteristics of a large timber hotel built on a prominent corner to attract regular custom. It was built as superior accommodation to attract business and family visitors. It remains substantially intact, and is a good example of its type in both design and function. It is important in illustrating the principal characteristics of a two-storeyed, single-skin timber hotel of the 1910s in rural Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Hotel is an example of the work of architect William Munro who was a notable architect in North Queensland and in its detailing, such as decorative fretwork and fanlights, displays elements characteristic of his architectural style.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Hotel with its verandahs and arched valances demonstrates the aesthetic qualities usually associated with Queensland hotels. As the largest and most visually dominant building in the town of Hughenden, The Grand Hotel has a landmark quality that helps to define not only the township, but the western region.</p><br>
<p>The US Post Office-Camden Main is the main post office of Camden, Maine. It is located at 28 Chestnut Street, in a Beaux Arts building designed by Oscar Wenderoth and completed in 1913. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 for its architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Camden&#39;s main post office is located at the southern end of its commercial downtown area, on the east side of Chestnut Street, with the town common across the street. It is a single-story masonry structure, built out of brick and granite. It has a low-pitch hip roof, with a projecting cornice. The front is seven bays wide, the center five projecting slightly, with pilasters at the corners of both the building and the projection. Windows are tall sash, set in granite-trimmed openings, with a decorative medallion above. The main entrance is at the center in a recess, with a series of low steps flanked by original iron globe lights. The interior public space has terrazzo marble flooring, plaster walls articulated by pilasters, and oak trim.</p><br>
<p>The Camden Post Office was one of 33 post office buildings constructed in 1913 by the federal government, pursuant to the provisions of the Tarsney Act and a 1912 appropriation by Congress. It was an early design of Oscar Wenderoth, who had in 1912 been appointed to the Office of the Supervising Architect of the United States Treasury Department. It is the town&#39;s only major example of Beaux Arts/Renaissance Revival architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Sturgis and Haskell Building is a historic commercial building at 180-182 Water Street in downtown Augusta, Maine. Built in 1867, it is one of a series of four Italianate commercial buildings built in the wake of a devastating 1865 fire. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Sturgis and Haskell Building stands on the west side of Water Street, Augusta&#39;s principal commercial downtown thoroughfare, at its southwest corner with Bridge Street. It is the northernmost of a series of four three-story brick Italianate commercial buildings, running south from that corner, which share a common roof line. The windows of #182 have round-arch headers, with a band of brick corbelling joining the arches. A second brick corbel stringcourse separates the second and third floors. The windows of #180 were originally like those of #182, but have been replaced by rectangular sash, and the rounded headers have been filled in. The building has two storefronts facing Water Street, while the Bridge Street facade has blinded round arches.</p><br>
<p>All four of these buildings were built beginning in 1865, after a fire devastated Augustas downtown. This building was designed by John C. Tibbetts, Augustas preeminent architect of the time, and was built for Ira Sturgis and Erastus Haskell. It is the last of the building series to be completed. The building continues to see commercial use.</p><br>
<p>Holy Trinity Church is a heritage-listed Anglican church at Saibai Island, Torres Strait Island Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1926 to 1938. It is also known as Holy Trinity Church of England. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first missionaries, representing the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, arrived at the newly established settlement of Somerset, Cape York Peninsula, in March 1867, followed by the London Missionary Society in July 1871. The London Missionary Society arrived at Saibai Island in July 1871. The first substantial building for Christian worship was constructed in 1881. This was replaced by the Holy Trinity Church, on which construction began about 1919 and was completed about 1938.</p><br>
<p>The first Christian missionary in the Torres Straits, Rev F.C. Jagg was appointed on behalf of the Society for the Propagation of Gospel in Foreign Parts, and arrived in Somerset with his family on 15 March 1867. A young English schoolteacher, W.T. Kennett, funded by the Queensland Government to establish a school at Somerset, arrived with Rev Jagg and started a mission school on 1 October 1867. A lack of funding, lack of support from the government administration and dismay at the brutality of the police meant that the mission was closed by June 1868.</p><br>
<p>In 1871 the London Missionary Society arrived in the Torres Strait on the vessel HMS Surprise, after the French Government had demanded their removal from the Loyalty Islands and New Caledonia in 1869. The London Missionary Society decided to expand into the Torres Strait and New Guinea. They were represented by 2 Englishmen, Revs S. MacFarlane and A.W. Murray, 8 Lifu (Loyalty Islander) evangelists and their wives. The missionaries arrived at Darnley Island (Erub) on 1 July 1871, an event that came to be known as the "Coming of the Light", an event which is now celebrated by Torres Strait Islanders annually.</p><br>
<p>Two islander missionaries were left on Darnley Island while the remaining missionaries travelled to Warrior Island (Tudu Island), where they were welcomed by Captain Banner, who had an established pearl shell fishery on the island. John Joseph, an employee of Banner&#39;s, travelled with the missionaries as an interpreter to Dauan Island on 6 July, and finding most of the islanders were away on Saibai Island, they were taken to Saibai by Nudai, the chief of Dauan. Two islander missionaries, Josaia and Sivene, were left at Saibai and Dauan. Further missionaries were left on Yorke and Yam Islands, while HMS Surprise sailed to the newly established settlement at Somerset.</p><br>
<p>The London Missionary Society established temporary headquarters at Somerset from where they could expand their operations into other Torres Strait Islands and the mainland of New Guinea. Between 1871 and 1878 at least 131 Pacific Islander teachers, mainly from Loyalty Islands, Cook Islands, Niue, Society Islands and Rurutu, taught in the Torres Strait and New Guinea, along with their wives and families. Only four European missionaries taught in the same period.</p><br>
<p>In 1872 the London Missionary Society revisited selected islands in the Torres Straits. They reported that the missionaries that had been left on Dauan and Saibai had been accepted into the local tribes and had been given land by the local chiefs.</p><br>
<p>The Queensland Government annexed the islands of the Torres Straits within 60 miles of the mainland in 1872, followed by the remainder of the islands in 1879. This was in response to fear of rival colonial powers controlling what had become an important shipping route, also as a means of controlling the increasingly lucrative beche-de-mer and pearl shelling economies and in particular regulating the use of Torres Strait and South Sea Islander labour in these industries. The government moved its administration centre from Somerset to Thursday Island in 1877; however, the lack of government resources, such as a regular patrol boat, meant that administration of the islands had to be left to the London Missionary Society.</p><br>
<p>A theological facility called the Papuan Institute was established on Mer, an island of the Torres Straits, to train Torres Strait Islanders as priests and suitable students were selected by the London Missionary Society. The Institute was closed in 1888, but had trained a number of local priests who were familiar with both formal missionary teaching and the local Islander customs.</p><br>
<p>By 1890 the Torres Strait Mission was beginning to slow its operations in the Torres Straits. Conversion on the islands had been successful and Papua was seen to be "waiting for the Light". A full time superintendent on the islands was no longer deemed necessary and the incumbent priest, Rev James Chalmers, moved to Saguane in the Fly River in New Guinea. Teacher/supervisors were appointed on various islands by the Queensland Government, and in 1904 the Protector of Aborigines assumed comprehensive control of Islanders lives under the Queensland Aboriginal Protection Act 1897.</p><br>
<p>Worship on various islands was then led by the Islander priests who had been trained at the Papuan Institute with annual inspections from London Missionary Society representatives travelling from New Guinea.</p><br>
<p>In 1914 the secretary of the London Missionary Society requested that the Bishop of Carpentaria, Gilbert White, take over the missionary work in the Torres Strait due to financial pressure. This was formally accepted by the Australian Board of Missions in November 1914 and the Anglican Church assumed responsibility for the Torres Strait Mission. All the leases granted to the London Missionary Society, including the buildings, were transferred to the Anglican Church. Coming of the Light celebrations were instituted by the Anglican Church soon after they took over, as a tribute to the London Missionary Society and perhaps as a way of ensuring continuity of worship. This celebration continues to be celebrated annually by Torres Strait Islanders both in the Torres Straits and in Torres Strait Islander communities on the Australian mainland.</p><br>
<p>The first building used for worship on Saibai is described in the "50th Anniversary of Holy Trinity Church Saibai Island" as an "island style building". It was replaced with a more substantial building called "Panetha" built by Nemia, a Samoan missionary who arrived on Saibai in 1881.</p><br>
<p>Chief Council Gauga Awabu decided that "Panetha" needed to be replaced and a third church building called "Mari Yoewth", built from corrugated iron salvaged from "Panetha", was used temporarily while the Holy Trinity Church was being constructed4. Three generations of Saibai Islanders worked on the construction of the Holy Trinity Church over 19 years. Saibai men worked on boats in the fishing industry to raise funds for timber, cement and the corrugated iron roofing needed for the building.</p><br>
<p>Construction materials consisted of Portland cement for the foundations and concrete slab floor, lime gravel and sand poured into a mangrove timber framework for the 30 cm thick cement walls and wongai timber rafters. Canoes brought coral for lime from the Saibailgua Maza (Saibai Reef), Dauanalgau Maza (Dauan Reef), Gawal Maza and Wai Reef. It was burned on the beach to form lime and mixed with sand and gravel in canoes using wooden paddles. Dauan Islanders assisted with burning the coral and transporting it to Saibai and Boigu Islanders provided food for the workers during the monsoon. The wongai timber was brought from the New Guinea mainland, some was also recycled from "Panetha".</p><br>
<p>Foreman carpenters were Saibai Islanders, specifically Kanai, Baudu, Isua, Elu, Zsunai, Aniba, Bamaga and Waiangu. A European mission carpenter with the surname Irish, supervised the construction of the roof and Rev John Done, based on Mabuiag Island, provided plans and visited the construction site from time to time.</p><br>
<p>On 24 July 1926 the Archbishop of Brisbane Gerald Sharp blessed the granite foundation stone of Holy Trinity Church. The Church was dedicated by Rev Stephen Davies, the Bishop of Carpentaria, on 4 December 1938. Islanders from throughout the Torres Straits and New Guinea mainlanders attended the dedication travelling to Saibai in pearl, beche-de-mer and trochus luggers and in outrigger canoes. Over 1500 people attended the dedication.</p><br>
<p>The Holy Trinity bell, donated by Thomas Soki, was installed in the bell tower around the time of World War II. Previous to the installation of the bell a bu-shell, a native shell to the Torres Straits reefs, had been used to call people to church.</p><br>
<p>Holy Trinity Church incorporates hand carved furnishings of Wongai plum originally used in the early church, "Panetha". Along with these are new carvings also from Wongai were produced for Holy Trinity. Involved in the carving of the early furniture were islanders Aki, Kebisu Baira and Daku Garmai. This furniture comprised a cross, two candlesticks and a lectern.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Holy Trinity Church is situated on the waterfront of Saibai Island. It looks across to New Guinea which is less than 7 km away. The building is about 12 metres from the water&#39;s edge and is protected from waves by a sea wall.</p><br>
<p>The building is constructed of unreinforced mass concrete footings, floor and walls, constructed from crushed coral, sand and cement. The building has a timber framed gable roof clad with fibrous cement sheeting. Timber roof trusses are exposed internally and there is no internal ceiling lining.</p><br>
<p>The form of the Holy Trinity Church is simple, with 3 bays extending from the rectangular central nave area. The 3 bays consist of a front entry area facing the road, alcove at the rear of the building towards the coast and bell tower to one side of the building. Double arch doors are present on each side of the building and double rectangular doors lead to the front entry area facing the road. The bell tower is no longer used, the higher section being constructed from mass concrete blocks with little or no mortar connecting them. The bell tower has an independent steeply pitched roof constructed with the same materials as the main roof.</p><br>
<p>The grounds are grassed with a small number of trees and shrubs. An independent timber framed bell tower is present on one side of the building, behind which is a freestanding crucifix depicting an image of Jesus. A white rainwater tank is at the rear of the building.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Holy Trinity Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Holy Trinity Church, Saibai Island survives as important evidence of the development of missionary activity in the Torres Straits that started in 1871.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The building is an important example of a Torres Strait Christian church and was constructed over a period of 19 years by Saibai Islanders and London Missionary Society missionaries using local materials such as burnt coral, mangrove timber and Wongai plum timber and incorporating materials and hand carved furnishings of the previous church, "Panetha", constructed by a Samoan London Society Missionary in 1881. It is influenced by Torres Strait vernacular architecture with elements such as locally sources construction material, mass unreinforced cement footings and decorative internal arches.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong and special religious significance with Torres Strait Christians and with the London Missionary Society and Anglican Church and has served as a focus of Christian worship since the construction of the first church at this site prior to 1881.</p><br>
<p>The Indian Stones are a pair of historic markers on Vermont Route 106 in Reading, Vermont. Erected in 1799 in commemoration of a 1754 Native American raid, they are the oldest commemorative markers in the state, and among the oldest in the United States. They were mounted in a single granite slab in 1918, and were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Indian Stones are located at a small roadside pullout in southern Reading, on the east side of Route 106 at its junction with Knapp Brook Road. A set of three granite steps lead up to a granite slab, in which two slate markers have been mounted. The marker is framed by low bushes, with trees lining the eastern edge of the pullout, and a state commemorative sign placed in the oval created by the pullout. The granite slab is incised with the following in the upper lefthand corner: "- In 1918 - These stones were placed in their / present Position by a Descendant of - Captain / James Johnson"-and Susannah; his Wife." Below that inscription is a slate stone with stepped shoulders, in which is carved "On the 31 st of August 1754, Capt James Johnson had / a Daughter born on this Spot of Ground, being / Captivated with his whole Family by the Indians." Depictions of various tools top the statement. To that stone&#39;s right is set the other slate slab, in which is carved the following inscription, accompanied by similar decoration: "This is near the Spot that the Indians Encamp^ / the Night after they took Mr Johnson 8 Family, / Mr Labarree & Farnsworth, August 30th 1754, and / Mrs Johnson was Delivered of her Child Half a mile up this Brook; // When troubles near the Lord is- kind, / He hears the Captives crys. / He can subdue the Savage mind, / And learn it sympathy."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On August 29, 1754, during the French and Indian War, a band of Native Americans made an attack on the Fort at Number 4 in Charlestown, New Hampshire, taking as captives members of the Johnson and Farnsworth families. On the second day of a forced march, Susannah Johnson gave birth to Elizabeth Captive Johnson. All of the captives were eventually ransomed to French residents of Montreal and returned to their homes by 1760. Susannah Johnson returned to the place of her daughters birth on several occasions, and in 1796 published a captivity narrative describing the familys ordeal. In 1799, convinced she had found the correct location, she hired a stonecutter to create the two slate markers, with the intent that one was to be placed at the birthplace, and the other at the nearby Native encampment site.</p><br>
<p>The exact date of their placement is not documented, but was probably before Susannah Johnsons death in 1810. Susannah Johnsons instructions were not followed, and the two stones were placed side-by-side in a location not far from their present site. Descendants of Johnson in 1918 had the two stones mounted in the granite slab, and placed at the same site. The present location is near that location, created as a result of road improvements on Route 106 that required the memorial&#39;s relocation.</p><br>
<p>Echo Lake is a small lake in the Flathead Valley in the USA state of Montana. It is located five miles from Bigfork and 25 miles from Kalispell. The lake is filled by warm springs and a small amount of mountain runoff from Echo Creek, making it one of the warmest lakes in the Flathead Valley. The lake is next to the Swan Range and the Jewel Basin hiking area. Echo Lake also is connected to two smaller lakes, Abbot Lake and Peterson Lake, by a canal.</p><br>
<p>Echo Lake is popular among motorboaters because of its warm water. It is very common to see boats and jet skis in the summer. The lake is also popular among anglers due to its many coves and large numbers of fish, such as perch, pumpkinseed, largemouth bass, and northern pike.</p><br>
<p>Michael Root was nearly killed on Echo Lake on August 8th 1984 in a waterskiing accident with another boat. Although badly injured he was plucked from the water by his best friends Scott Fritz and Chad Thomas. Mr. Root wasthen taken to shore. Once on shore at the Hilly residence, CPR was given and first responders were able to revive the drowned and dead Mr. Root. The ALRET rescue helicopter picked up Mr. Root and took him to the Kalispell Regional Hospital where he remained in a coma for 18 days due to the drowning and head injury he sustained in the accident. For the next four months Mr. Root went thorough healing and rehabilitation at Community Hospital in Missoula, MT. Mr. Root is alive and well and lives i Gilbert, AZ with his high school sweetheart and wife Michelle. They have two sons Calvin and Colton. Mr. Root triumphantly returned to Echo Lake the next summer to make a few cuts on the water on the same HO waterski from the accident one year earlier. If I learned anything from this whole thing it is that it&#39;s times like this when you learn who your friends really are and that life is good, enjoy it.</p><br>
<p>An interesting side note: Community is the same hospital that Hank Williams Jr. was a patient of some ten years earlier after his life threatening fall off a cliff in the Bitterroot Mountains near Hamilton, MT. Hank was saved by young man named Walt Willy.</p><br>
<p>Much of the lake is surrounded by private lakefront property, including residences.</p><br>
<p>The Cave of the Guanches, or Archaeological area of the Cave of the Guanches , is an important archaeological site located in the north of the island of Tenerife .</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>The protected archaeological environment is in the municipality of Icod de los Vinos and revolves around the Cave of the Guanches. This archaeological area is where the earliest Guanche autochthonous settlements on the island of Tenerife have been found. It has provided the oldest chronologies of the Canary Islands. These have been dated to the 6th century BC, according to analysis carried out on ceramics that were found inside.</p><br>
<p>The area was in aboriginal times a village of natural caves and huts (now disappeared), which were located at the top of a cliff, about 125 m above sea level. two questions: firstly due to the rare circumstance of a secondary burial and secondly, by their nature individual burial. The oral tradition also points out that the place was the abode of the menceyes of Icod (aboriginal Guanche kings).</p><br>
<p>At the site have been found numerous findings, including: pottery shards made by hand, bone awls, bone remains of caprids, shells of marine mollusks and a human lower jaw.</p><br>
<p>The cave is declared a Site of Cultural Interest by the Government of the Canary Islands.</p><br>
<p>The Caves of Don Gaspar  is an important archaeological site located in the north of the island of Tenerife .</p><br>
<p>The cueva is located in the municipality of Icod de los Vinos. It consists of a series of deposits belonging to the ancient Guanche culture, which form an interrelated complex. The caves include the Cave of Don Gaspar itself, the Cave of Las Palomas and three nearby caves. They were inhabited by the aboriginal Guanche Berbers.</p><br>
<p>In the Cave of Don Gaspar there are three levels of occupation, the oldest gave a chronology of the third century. C., while in Las Palomas single occupancy with an even older chronology third century. C.</p><br>
<p>The caves are however famous for the discovery of plant debris in the form of carbonized seeds of wheat, barley and beans.</p><br>
<p>The cave is declared a Site of cultural interest by the Government of the Canary Islands.</p><br>
<p>Fantome Island Lock Hospital and Lazaret Sites is a heritage-listed former leper colony at Fantome Island, Palm Island, Aboriginal Shire of Palm Island, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1926 to 1945 by Queensland Government. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 8 June 2012.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Fantome Island, located north of Townsville approximately 22 km off the coast of Queensland near Ingham and 6.5 kilometres north-west of Palm Island in the Great Palm group of islands, was the site of a lock hospital between 1928 and 1945 and a lazaret (or leprosarium) between 1939 and 1973. Both facilities were used for the isolation of Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander and South Sea Islander patients or inmates. The archaeological remnants on the island are representative of the responses of former Queensland governments to the public health issues of sexually transmitted infections (STIs, previously known as venereal diseases, or VD) and Hansen&#39;s disease (leprosy) as they affected Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander and South Sea Islander people. The island has a long history as a site of segregation and as an example of the working of the Aboriginal Protection Acts.</p><br>
<p>In February 1925 the Home Secretary&#39;s Department proposed a lock hospital on Fantome Island in conjunction with the Palm Island Aboriginal Settlement. The traditional owners of Fantome Island (also known as Emulli) are the Manbarra people, while those removed from elsewhere in Queensland to Palm and Fantome islands are known as the Bwgcolman people. Fantome Island was declared a Reserve for the use of the Aboriginal Inhabitants of the State (R.297, or Reserve 3771) in the Queensland Government Gazette of 17 October 1925. The trustees were the Under Secretary of the Home Department (WJ Gall) and the Chief Protector of Aboriginals (JW Bleakley). Prior to this Fantome had been held as Occupation License 297 and there was a small area of cleared land at its northern end. Apart from a well, fires had destroyed any other infrastructure and the island was unoccupied by 1925.</p><br>
<p>A lock hospital enforced isolation to prevent the spread of STIs. In 1868 the Queensland Government enacted the Prevention of Contagious Diseases Act, which enforced the compulsory examination of prostitutes for STIs and their housing in the Brisbane lock hospital at Herston until "cured". Failure to submit to these requirements was a jailable offence.</p><br>
<p>During the first decade of the 20th century a number of developments in the diagnosis and treatment of STIs occurred. In 1905 the cause of syphilis (Treponema pallidum) was identified. In the following year the Wassermann test for identification of the syphilis infection was created. From 1909 the Wassermann test was used at Queensland&#39;s public health laboratories, while the first effective treatment (Salvarsan) was developed in 1910.</p><br>
<p>These steps coincided with an increase in the incidence of syphilis and gonorrhoea in Australia, and with increased public awareness of this rise. New health legislation - the Health Act (Consolidated) 1911 - required compulsory notification of cases to the Commissioner of Public Health; prohibited treatment by unqualified persons; provided free treatment, irrespective of condition or gender; distributed advice leaflets; and enabled compulsory examination, and segregation where necessary, of persons of either gender known or suspected to be suffering from STIs and liable to convey them to others.</p><br>
<p>The idea of creating island lock hospitals for Aboriginal people with STIs arose in the first decade of the 20th century. During 1908 the first island lock hospital for Australian Aboriginal people was established in Western Australia on the islands of Dorre and Bernier. In Queensland, Aboriginal STI patients were initially sent to Aboriginal reserves, including Barambah, and White Cliffs on Fraser Island, but planning for the establishment of an island-based lock hospital in Queensland for Aboriginal people commenced in 1914. The Chief Protector of Aboriginal&#39;s Office proposed constructing such a facility due to the belief that isolation was the best method of managing STIs in Aboriginal people. Initially, a facility was planned for Fitzroy Island near Cairns, but World War I disrupted this scheme and it never went ahead.</p><br>
<p>This concept of isolation and control of Aboriginal people was already accepted as Queenslands method of dealing with the Aboriginal population. In 1895 Archibald Meston provided the Queensland Government with a plan for the welfare and protection of the colonys Aboriginal people. Meston contended the reason earlier reserves operated by missionaries and others had been unsuccessful all over Australia was poor management. Further, the locations of such places were ill-suited for agriculture (to allow adequate food production) and had not adequately isolated Aboriginal people in a way that prevented their exposure to vices and diseases brought by contact with European people. Meston ultimately recommended the establishment of three reserves to serve southern, central and northern Queensland; the appointment of a Chief Protector (Meston later became one of two regional Protectors, under a Protector for all districts); and stronger government control.</p><br>
<p>Mestons proposals, and their influence in shaping subsequent legislation and its administration, marked a significant change both in Queensland and Australia in government control over Aboriginal people. Mestons recommendations were brought to fruition in the Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897, the provisions of which gave the government substantial control over many aspects of the lives of Aboriginal people and extended its authority to establish reserves, to which they were forcibly removed.</p><br>
<p>Superintendents were in charge of these places (a title also given to those in charge of missions), and were responsible to the Chief Protector of Aboriginals. The realities of "living under the Act" were to profoundly impact upon the lives of Queensland&#39;s Aboriginal people.</p><br>
<p>Settlements at Durundur (near Woodford, c.1897), Whitula (near Windorah) in western Queensland (briefly in operation in response to the 1902 drought) and Fraser Island (1897) were beset by a range of problems and did not last, with the latter experiencing a very high death rate among inmates. From 1905 the Barambah Aboriginal Settlement (from 1934 called Cherbourg) in the South Burnett, first established in 1901, came under complete government control and operation. The Taroom Aboriginal Settlement was established in 1911.</p><br>
<p>By segregating Aboriginal people from the rest of the community, the removals process was highly effective in fulfilling the governments objectives of increased control and regulation of the states Aboriginal people, enforced on settlements through a range of administrative and disciplinary measures. While humanitarian concerns were used as a justification for removal by advocates of the reserve system, Aboriginal people were forcibly removed for a wider range of reasons including illness; lack of employability or refusal to work; old age; as punishment; and after a jail sentence had been served.</p><br>
<p>Aboriginal people were removed to Fantome Island under the Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897, unlike European STI patients who were detained on the mainland under health legislation. This was despite the fact that none of the three main STIs - gonorrhoea, syphilis and the less common ulcerative granuloma - could be easily diagnosed by the methods available at the time. Bacteriological testing was not applied to non-European suspected STI cases; clinical diagnosis was deemed sufficient. The tropical disease of yaws, which caused skin lesions and produced a positive Wasserman reaction, could also be mistaken for syphilis. Not only were some people sent to lock hospitals unnecessarily, those that were actually infected had little chance of a cure until antibiotic therapy became available in the 1940s. Penicillin was introduced for the treatment of gonorrhoea in 1943 but was only generally available from 1944.</p><br>
<p>The Protection of Aboriginals and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Amendment Act 1934 extended the provisions of the 1897 Act and the powers of the Chief Protector. It enabled compulsory medical examinations, and also allowed for "uncontrollable" Aboriginal people or "half-castes" (the definition of this term was changed to include South Sea Islander people) to be sent to an institution. The latter enabled the incarceration of people at the Fantome Island lock hospital for non-medical reasons.</p><br>
<p>With policies of isolation and control for both STI patients and Aboriginal people already established in Queensland by the 1920s, the construction of a lock hospital on Fantome Island proceeded. By June 1927 there were three Aboriginal settlements in Queensland under direct Home Department supervision: Barambah, Woorabinda (replacing Taroom during 1927), and Palm Island, plus 11 mission stations. The Palm Island settlement had opened in 1918 after a cyclone destroyed the Hull River settlement (established 1914) on the mainland. The primary reason for the government&#39;s decision to establish a lock hospital at Fantome Island was its close proximity to Palm Island. This allowed the medical officer on Palm Island to also treat the Fantome Island inmates.</p><br>
<p>A 66,000 gallon (300,042 litre) water reservoir was completed behind (west of) the lock hospital site, which was located at the narrow, central portion of Fantome Island, facing Curacoa Channel, by November 1926. However, a cyclone in February 1927 caused serious damage, delaying the completion of the hospital&#39;s other buildings by Palm Island workers.</p><br>
<p>The lock hospital was completed and equipped by December 1927 and the first patients arrived in early 1928. Frank Hambleton Julian, who lacked medical training, was the wardsman. Dr CR Maitland Pattison was the visiting medical superintendent, and buildings included male and female wards, irrigation chambers, laundries, "native officials" cottages, wardsman&#39;s quarters, a store and kitchens. A vegetable garden was cultivated to supplement food supplies and provide "some light occupation for the convalescents". The sea also provided additions to the diet, including fish, crabs, oysters and turtles.</p><br>
<p>An influx of patients resulted in the approval of extensions and additions to the lock hospital in 1931, and two cases of suspected Hansens disease were also tested and found to be positive. During 1932 a number of cases of STI and Hansens disease contacts were sent to Fantome Island for observation after Dr Raphael West Cilento, the Federal Director of the Division of Tropical Hygiene for Queensland, had inspected coastal camps between Townsville and Cairns and on the Atherton Tablelands. In 1934 Cilento became Director-General of Health and Medical Services within Queenslands Department of Health and Home Affairs (DHHA); a position he held until 1946. He was knighted in 1935 and later wrote Queenslands official centennial history "Triumph in the Tropics".</p><br>
<p>During 1932 the number of patients in the lock hospital increased from 73 to 156, with 128 men, women and children admitted, four births, four escapes and 17 discharged. However, the year had a high death rate amongst patients - 28 people, representing 13.65% of the total population under treatment.</p><br>
<p>The number of patients at Fantome Island continued to increase as a result of the government policy of isolating STI cases, as well as the policy of removing Aboriginal people to reserves. Palm Island went a step further than other reserves by removing people from the mainland. In 1933 Cilento reported that the health of Aboriginal people in North Queensland was poor and that they were undernourished. Cilento believed that mainland Aboriginal people living near towns would be better off on Palm Island (and by extension Fantome Island), where their health could be improved before being returned to the mainland for assimilation into the general community. Cilento also sought to have any "coloured" people living under "native" conditions under the control of the Chief Protector of Aboriginals, as he viewed such groups as a health threat.</p><br>
<p>By December 1933 there were 227 patients on Fantome Island, and a village had been established for elderly married chronic STI patients at the northern end of the island, on a flat area adjacent to the beach, in huts with grass walls and iron roofs.</p><br>
<p>Around this time, the government expected those patients who had some savings to contribute to the cost of their treatment on Fantome Island, even though European STI patients in Australia were not charged. The idea was mentioned in December 1931 by the Chief Protector of Aboriginals (Bleakley) and in April 1932 money was withheld from the estate of a deceased patient. By March 1933 approval was given by Bleakley to charge those with sufficient funds two shillings per day, but this practice appears to have stopped in early 1941.</p><br>
<p>In another cost-saving measure, the lock hospital attempted to achieve self sufficiency in food production, reflecting the earlier view of Meston that the first duty of reserves was "that they be self-supporting institutions". By 1934 there were 40 patients dispersed in villages, and these were being fenced, along with agricultural land. Three acres of upland rice was planted, and horses and pigs were brought to Fantome Island. A Catholic Church was also erected. On the 13 September 1934 Wardsman Julian was appointed deputy superintendent (under the superintendent on Palm Island) in charge of the lock hospital on Fantome Island, and he stayed in this position until 1945.</p><br>
<p>By 1935 there were over 60 people living in two farm villages at the north end of the island, and a timber Anglican Church (St Martin&#39;s) was under construction on the western side of the island near the hospital. The water scheme for the hospital now included a windmill (later replaced by a pump in 1937) supplying the 1926 reservoir, and a pump supplying a 10,000 gallon (45,461 litre) galvanised iron concreted tank near the northern farm villages. The first rice crop had failed, but the dairy herd continued to increase.</p><br>
<p>Despite the building programme the death rate for the lock hospital&#39;s patients remained high. Between 1935 and 1939 the monthly total of patients at the lock hospital, taking into account admissions, discharges, births and deaths, fluctuated between 186 and 276, while the death rate ranged between zero to six patients a month during this period. Causes of death recorded included tuberculosis, chronic VD, pneumonia, influenza and heart disease.</p><br>
<p>In 1936 vegetables and fruit trees were being grown on the island. That year, as well as admitting patients from Palm Island and elsewhere in Queensland, Fantome Island became the health clearing station (quarantine station) for all those being sent to Palm Island.</p><br>
<p>By September 1938 the northern area of Fantome Island was under consideration as a tubercular settlement, while a leper settlement was proposed for nearby Curacoa Island. A map of Fantome Island at this time indicated that "farm villages" (for chronic STI cases) existed along the western side of the northern point of the island, and an early 1939 map included two villages roughly where the lazaret male and female compounds were later built; and a "vegetable growing area" at the east end of the small valley just south of the 10,000 gallon water tank.</p><br>
<p>The search for a lazaret site in northern Queensland followed a succession of other attempts to segregate Hansens disease patients. The first case of Hansens disease in Queensland had been discovered in 1855. During the following two decades there were isolated cases identified mainly amongst Chinese and South Sea Islander people and the patients were either isolated on coastal islands or returned to their homelands. The disease sparked little interest until the 1880s when there was a notable increase in awareness of it, despite the lack of an increase in cases.</p><br>
<p>In 1889 a leprosarium was established on Dayman Island in the Torres Strait for the reception of non-European lepers, principally Chinese people. In conjunction with ongoing Australian fears about non-European migrants, and a perceived association of Hansens disease with non-Europeans, Chinese and South Sea Islander people in particular were blamed as a source of the disease. The Dayman Island facility, which abandoned patients to their own devices, closed after the enacting of the Leprosy Act 1892, which was prompted by the diagnosis of the first European with Hansens disease in 1891.</p><br>
<p>The 1892 Act, among other things, allowed the establishment of lazarets, required the reporting of Hansen&#39;s disease where it was suspected and permitted the removal of a patient to, and detention in, a lazaret. As a result, two new lazarets were established: one on Stradbroke Island south-east of Dunwich for male European patients, with a building of 14 bedrooms by 1895; the other on Friday Island in the Torres Strait for non-Europeans, with four corrugated iron huts for patients and two cottages. Both lazarets experienced considerable difficulties and in the early 1900s the government decided to close them and establish a multi-ethnic lazaret on Peel Island.</p><br>
<p>Peel Island had briefly been used to house Queenslands first female European with Hansens disease, between 1896 and 1898. The new lazaret on Peel Island, opened in 1907, was designed and organised on the principle of isolation. Patients were housed in individual huts grouped in three separate compounds - male, female and "coloured". The huts for European patients were small single roomed, timber buildings, while the huts for the non-European patients were more rudimentary structures of bush timber clad with tea tree bark. The durability of the bark cladding was short-lived, and in 1909 the huts were reclad with corrugated galvanised iron.</p><br>
<p>However, the Queensland Government eventually abandoned the idea of housing non-European patients on Peel Island. By January 1939 several suspected Hansens disease cases from Thursday Island and Cooktown had been sent to Fantome Island, while further cases were present on Palm Island. In March 1939 the farm village area of Fantome Island was chosen for the lazaret site, instead of Curacoa Island, after a visit to the Palm Island group by Cilento and Bleakley. Also present were Deputy Superintendent Julian; Dr Geoffry Charles Palliser Courtney, Medical Superintendent of Palm Island; and Dr Graham Croll, a Hansen disease research investigation officer appointed under a Commonwealth grant. Julian was given control of the lazaret, and the Commonwealth provided £1000 to build a laboratory for inquiry into Hansen&#39;s disease amongst Aboriginal people.</p><br>
<p>Cilento had been pushing for a segregated lazaret from the early 1930s. In March 1939 he stated that the non-European patients on Peel Island could readily be transferred to Fantome Island, with a considerable saving in annual costs to the government for their care. He pointed out that treating an Aboriginal leper at Peel Island cost about £70 per annum; whereas this could be reduced to £12-15 at Palm (Fantome) Island. He also noted that the difficulty of finding staff willing to work with Hansens disease or STI patients could be dealt with by using nuns from the nursing branch of a religious body. However, rather than focusing on monetary savings, Cilentos public argument for moving non-European Hansen&#39;s disease patients from Peel Island to a segregated lazaret on Fantome Island was that a majority of the patients in question were from North Queensland, and had been moved away from their relatives to a colder climate. He stated that Ned Hanlon, the Minister of Health, had decided to move them to a suitable spot closer to their "tribal associations".</p><br>
<p>The site for the lazaret and laboratory already possessed a reticulated water supply, and the grass huts of the chronic STI cases could provide accommodation for 60 people (the previous occupants were later moved to Wallaby Point on Palm Island).</p><br>
<p>Tentative arrangements had been made to construct huts, set on concrete floors with fibrolite walls and galvanised iron roofs, for the Hansens disease patients by 20 March 1939. Fantome Island was declared a lazaret in May 1939, and thereby came under Cilentos control, under section 51 of the Health Act 1937. This Act allowed Cilento as Director-General of Health and Medical Services to force the detention in a lazaret of people with Hansens disease. The proposed lazaret was intended to include a laboratory with offices and wards, quarters for four sisters of a religious sisterhood, a European wardsman and Palm Island staff, plus huts for 100 patients, with kitchen, store and dining buildings and lavatories. By 21 September 1939 twelve huts were erected, with six already occupied by Hansens disease patients from North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>In December 1939 the laboratory was completed, but the hospital ward building was not. That month the media reported that four young nuns of the Australian Missionary Order (Our Lady Help of Christians) in New South Wales had arrived at Peel Island, and would later accompany "black" patients from that location to Fantome Island, leaving 26 "white lepers" on Peel. Home Secretary Hanlon stated that improvements could then be made for the white patients, "which obviously could not be undertaken while mixed races were there".</p><br>
<p>The Order of Our Lady Help of Christians (OLHC) had been established in 1931, and had already undertaken work on Palm Island. The nuns sent to Fantome Island comprised Mother Peter, and Sisters Agnes, Bernadette and Catherine, who undertook some medical training in Sydney, before receiving training in the treatment of Hansen&#39;s disease on Peel Island.</p><br>
<p>On 10 January 1940, 49 Aboriginal patients from Peel Island arrived on Fantome Island to join the 26 local patients already there. They had left Peel Island early on 8 January, been towed on the Dunwich barge to Pinkenba, and then travelled by rail in sleeper carriages to Cardwell, arriving at 3.40am 10 January, before travelling by boat to Fantome Island that day.</p><br>
<p>They were accompanied by three policemen, plus a wardsman and Matron Avonia OBrien from Peel Island. In March 1940 OBrien wrote a report on the trip north, in which she notes she clashed with Julian over feeding the patients after arrival and also over unloading the train. In addition, she complained that the food at Fantome Island was "of the very poorest class", with very rough corned beef, potatoes, onions, rice, tea, sugar, oatmeal and very bad bread, initially "supplied very sparingly". She claimed the patients did not receive any greens from the time they arrived until she left the island on 3 March 1940. The four nuns had arrived in Townsville on 13 February and they stayed with the Sisters of Mercy at the Strand Convent before travelling to Fantome Island on 1 March 1940.</p><br>
<p>Although Julian admitted that there were difficulties in obtaining fruit, green vegetables and fresh milk, he insinuated that the Peel Island patients had been treated too well previously and had become fussy. Dr Charles Arthur Courtney, the acting Medical Superintendent, echoed this view, noting the patients were fed more than the usual government ration; that the North Queensland leprosy patients who had been on Fantome Island since 1939 had never complained; and that a lot of food was wasted by the newcomers. Although the Department of Native Affairs was responsible for supplying the lazaret, Bleakley blamed the Health Department for not requesting a special diet for the Peel Island patients, as the lazaret was under the control of the latter department.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, the construction of facilities at the lazaret had continued. By February 1940, using Fantome Island labour, 24 huts were completed. These were divided into sections of six huts, each section with a sanitary block (two earth closets either side of a shower) and a combined kitchen/dining room. There were also two laundry blocks. A fifth section was commenced in February. Initially, male and female patients were not segregated, much to the nun&#39;s dismay, but later separate male and female compounds existed.</p><br>
<p>The timber-framed hospital wards at the lazaret were completed by the end of February 1940 and these were used as a residence by the nuns until their quarters were completed by the Department of Public Works in April. By May 1940 there were plans for a bath and change block, attached to the nuns&#39; quarters by a covered way, and a kitchen and laundry addition to the south of the hospital wards.</p><br>
<p>Dr David William Johnson, the Medical Officer at Peel Island, visited Fantome in mid March 1940. He reported to Cilento that the diet was unsatisfactory for at least a month after arrival of the Peel Island patients, as the Palm Island authorities were unaware of importance of a good diet in the treatment of leprosy and poor weather prevented delivery of fresh produce. The 12 cows on Fantome Island were producing fresh milk for the lock hospital, but not the lazaret. Johnson also noted that Dr CA Courtney was not visiting Fantome Island regularly, partly owing to the weather, but he would visit weekly in future. However, Johnson noted that Courtney had no previous experience in leprosy, and further regular visits from medical officers were desirable. Tellingly, the standard Hansen&#39;s disease treatment of the time (chaulmoogra oil) had not been given to the patients since they left Peel Island.</p><br>
<p>Later in 1940 Dr Johnson and CD OBrien, as Public Service Inspectors, reported that Dr CA Courtney was leaving the treatment of the lock hospitals patients in the hands of Julian and Matron Brumm; and that neither Dr CA Courtney, nor Dr GCP Courtney before him, had filled out the paperwork required under the Health Act 1937, regarding notification of STIs.</p><br>
<p>Whether through poor diet or lack of medical attention, the patients at the lazaret suffered a high death rate during 1940. After the death of one patient there were 74 patients at the new lazaret by 6 February 1940; 41 male and 33 female. In March 1940 O&#39;Brien inferred that the two deaths to that date were due to the food issue, and by 12 December 1940 a total of 14 lazaret patients had died that calendar year. It has been claimed that 40 former Peel Island patients died in the first five years of the Fantome Island Lazaret, from Tuberculosis. The official death toll at the Fantome Island Lazaret between 10 January 1940 and 30 June 1943 is 31, although the number of patients on the island was maintained with new admissions. The Annual Report on the Health and Medical Services of the State of Queensland for the year 1964 listed 49 deaths at the Fantome Island Lazaret for the years 1940 to 1945 inclusive.</p><br>
<p>Total deaths at the lock hospital were even higher than those at the lazaret. At the lock hospital during 1940, 162 patients were admitted for treatment; 184 were discharged cured, 34 died and 198 were still under treatment at the end of the year. In the period between 1940 and 1945, the lock hospital&#39;s population ranged between 190 and 214 patients. The high death rate at the lazaret and lock hospital means that many people living on Palm Island have at least one family member buried on Fantome Island.</p><br>
<p>In August 1940 Cilento complained to the Under Secretary of the DHHA (CE Chuter) about the "very grave deficiency in medical attention" at both Peel Island and Fantome Island. Cilento claimed that there was a lack of knowledge about leprosy amongst the staff on Fantome Island, since Dr Croll&#39;s services had ended due to illness, and Dr Geoffry Courtney had been called up. Further training of the nuns had thus far not occurred. Cilento even claimed that having Julian (now officially appointed Superintendent of the lazaret) in charge, given his lack of experience with leprosy, was both "ridiculous" and "illegal".</p><br>
<p>While Cilento was unhappy with the lack of medical expertise on Fantome Island, water was another ongoing cause for concern. By October 1940 the water supply for the lock hospital was from two wells. The water supply at the lazaret involved water being pumped from a well on the edge of a low lying flat, up to the galvanised iron storage tank, and then gravitated to the lazaret. Whenever drought conditions occurred on the island, water supplies ran very low, and this problem continued into the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>Along with efforts to meet the patients&#39; physical needs, attempts were made to meet their spiritual needs. Foundations were laid for a weatherboard and fibro cement Anglican Church at the lazaret in October 1940, and St Lukes opened in January 1941. A Catholic Church and presbytery at the lazaret, first approved in 1940, were proceeded with from mid 1944.</p><br>
<p>During April 1941 houses for married couples employed at the lazaret were under construction (four were built, located east of the nuns&#39; quarters) and Julian recommended a similar design for married staff at the lock hospital (three were built by mid 1942).</p><br>
<p>The Fantome Island Lock Hospital was transferred within the DHHA from the Department of Native Affairs to the Department of Public Health in June 1941. Earlier that year, after a medical survey of the lock hospital, Dr Johnson had discovered that the majority of the inmates showed no signs of STIs, and a number were discharged.</p><br>
<p>To reflect the dual use of Fantome Island, in September 1941 it was divided into two reserves. The northern portion became R.435 (Reserve 7117), a Reserve for Health Purposes (for "the reception and medical treatment of lepers"); while the central and southern portion became R.436 (Reserve 7118), a Reserve for Health Purposes, (for "the medical treatment of Aboriginals suffering from venereal disease").</p><br>
<p>Development in the northern part of the island proceeded, and in late 1941 plans were afoot for electric lighting at the lazaret. A sketch map from late 1941 included four sections of huts to the south, and two sections of huts to the north, in the patients&#39; housing area. The Anglican Church was located adjacent to the southern set of huts.</p><br>
<p>The issue of the marriage of patients at the lazaret was discussed in October 1944, and it was stated that any babies would need to be immediately removed from their mothers to avoid infection. Marriages between Hansen&#39;s disease patients were allowed in 1946. By early 1945, it was also policy not to allow children of patients to visit the lazaret, and any other visitors (two per month per patient) were not allowed into the lazaret proper, having to meet the patients at the rear of the hospital, under strict no-contact guidelines.</p><br>
<p>Due to internal church politics, the OLHC nuns on Fantome were replaced in December 1944, when seven nuns of the Order of Franciscan Missionaries of Mary (FMM) arrived, six from Canada and one from Malta. Two were qualified nursing sisters and one a pharmacist. Two of the nuns were trained in dentistry during 1945, in a six-week course on Fantome Island, by the retired former superintendent of Brisbane Dental Hospital, CC Vidgen.</p><br>
<p>By March 1945 many buildings on Fantome Island urgently required repair. However, the lock hospital had outlived its usefulness. An inspection of the facility by Dr GS Hayes in early 1945 discovered that most of the suspected gonorrhoea patients tested had clean smears, and therefore had been cured; and in addition some had never had gonorrhoea. Dr Hayes stated that suspect cases were sent to Fantome Island from various settlements (the majority from Cherbourg), and were treated as if they had gonorrhoea, whether they did or not. The syphilis cases were mostly in a non-infectious stage, and could be returned to the settlements, with weekly injections. Hayes believed that suspect cases could be isolated and treated on the mainland, as there was no STI specialist to evaluate the cases as they arrived on Fantome Island. Upon the closure of the Fantome Island Lock Hospital on 31 August 1945, 13 patients were transferred to the existing hospital on Palm Island, and some buildings were later removed to Palm Island for a new lock hospital and other purposes. Julian&#39;s role on Fantome Island ended at this point.</p><br>
<p>In November 1945 six patients at the lazaret were selected as working men and received their first wages, while five women were assigned to cook in the five kitchens, also on wages. That same month two men took charge of the cows, with horses put at their disposal, and three patients were assigned as uniformed policemen. Patients who had unapproved contact with members of the opposite sex were sometimes locked in the hospital or confined to their huts under guard.</p><br>
<p>After World War II there was a burst of building activity at the Fantome Island Lazaret. In 1946 funds were allocated for a septic system and additions to the nuns quarters, a septic system for the hospital, a new school, new island telephone system and a new well. By October 1946 a visitors quarters was under construction and another 10,000 gallon water tank was provided by June 1947. By June 1948 radio communication with Palm Island was installed, along with a 16 mm movie plant for entertainment of the patients.</p><br>
<p>The womens huts at the lazaret were in a bad condition after the war, notwithstanding the poor design of all of the 1939-40 patients huts. By September 1946 there were 38 women in 15 huts, when there were supposed to be two people per hut. The skillion-roofed 12 by 15 (3.7 m by 4.6 m) huts were also uninhabitable in heavy rain. As the wall framing was on the outside of the fibro sheeting, water easily penetrated the structures. The concrete floors were also rough and breaking up.</p><br>
<p>New externally-sheeted two-room 12 by 20 (3.7 m by 6.1 m) huts with verandahs on two sides, some with an attached bathroom, were recommended by the nuns and the Superintendent of Palm Island, Mr Sturgess. The District Supervisor of Works in Townsville for the Department of Public Works, M McAndrew, supported the new design and considered the current huts, which had no verandahs and became ovens in the sun, to be very unsuitable. "After all, these unfortunates are human beings and entitled to a reasonable standard of comforts the same as whites". A total of 27 huts of the new design, including six for married couples, were approved by Cabinet in June 1947. However, as the Superintendent of Palm Island said he lacked skilled labour, and the Department of Public Works claimed it was unable to find European labour willing to go to Fantome Island, by November 1949 a decision was made to repair the old huts instead.</p><br>
<p>Although attempts to improve patient accommodation on Fantome Island failed, medical advances were occurring in the treatment of Hansen&#39;s disease. The drug sulphetrone was introduced at Fantome Island in December 1948 in the treatment of 40 selected cases. Sulphone drugs such as dapsone and sulphetrone had side effects including anaemia, gastro-intestinal complaints and "dapsone syndrome" which could include dizziness, nausea, swelling of limbs and face, nodules under the skin and shivering attacks. However, in most cases the drugs worked. In July 1949 it was reported that sulphetrone had "already resulted in a remarkable improvement among patients" on Fantome Island.</p><br>
<p>There were 63 patients on Fantome Island in October 1949, and with the introduction of the new treatments, the death rate fell and discharges increased. There had only been three discharges of Hansens disease patients from Fantome Island from 1940 the end of 1948; compared to 22 discharges from 1949 to the end of 1952. In March 1950 Abraham Fryberg, Cilentos successor as Director-General of Health and Medical Services, recommended that Peel Island patients be moved to the mainland, and Queenslands Premier, Ned Hanlon, noted that the disease of leprosy would now be known as Hansens disease.</p><br>
<p>About the same time that Hansen&#39;s disease patients were finally receiving effective treatment, there was increased public pressure to end the policy of isolation. Fantome Island was singled out by the Australian Leprosy Campaign Committee. In 1950 their publicity officer, FG Gladen, claimed that the history of management of the disease in Queensland was "one long record of neglect, indifference and departmental ineptitude". He stated that Fantome Island had no permanent medical officer, clinical records had never been kept, adequate medicine stocks were not maintained and there were no surgical, X-ray or pathology facilities. He added that the diet was so bad that patients were unable to assimilate the meagre medical treatment given. Gladen also claimed that administrative neglect on Fantome Island had resulted in 80 deaths in 10 years and only five cures. His claims about clinical records and diet were rejected by the DHHA, which stated that Gladen had never visited Fantome Island.</p><br>
<p>Another organisation critical of the treatment of Fantome Island patients was the Relatives and Friends Association. Dedicated to improving the rights and conditions of patients with Hansen&#39;s disease, the Association became particularly active around 1950, donating packages of food, toys and other items to the patients, writing letters to the Queensland Government demanding better lazaret conditions or an end to isolation, and publishing a newsletter, the Moreton Star.</p><br>
<p>In April 1951 the population of the Fantome Island Lazaret was 70 patients and six nuns. EH Hinton, the Honorary Secretary of the Relatives and Friends Association, visited Fantome Island on 12 December 1951. In a report on his visit he dismissed claims of mistreatment and beatings, and noted that there was plenty of good food and hospital equipment, and the patients were well dressed; but he criticised the design of the patients&#39; huts and the fact that the Medical Officer only visited once a fortnight. Although he praised the nuns for their work, he also pointed out that there was no occupational therapy; and the rate of pay the patients received for their work on the island - 7/6 per week - was insufficient. He concluded that the facility should be moved to Kenmore near Brisbane. In response to the last suggestion, Fryberg stated "It is obvious that Mr Hinton does not know anything about aboriginals because if they were on the mainland, even though they were five or six hundred miles away from their homes, they would soon find their way back. Isolation on an island is the only sure way".</p><br>
<p>In May 1953 Hinton and the Relatives and Friends Association presented Fryberg and the Director of Native Affairs with a list of complaints made by patients of Fantome Island, alleging a lack of supervision of cooking, no treatment on Sundays or public holidays, overly strict supervision of visits by friends and relatives (two hours every three months), sick patients being neglected in their huts, and a "work or starve" regime. Dr Gabriel, Acting Medical Superintendent, denied the accusations, although he did note that the visiting situation could be improved.</p><br>
<p>Gabriel had visited Fantome Island in April 1953, when he noted that sulphetrone was working well for most patients, although he recommended that the dose be doubled. However, some patients had an intolerance to the drug. He recommended trialling some patients on dapsone, and others on thioacetazone. He stated that all patients were in a good state of nutrition, but there was a need for more potatoes, fresh greens, and fresh milk. Activities included weekly picture shows in an open-air theatre, occasional concerts (including a concert party from Palm Island), plus fishing, boating, gardening, poultry farming, and preparing exhibits (hand crafts) for the Fantome Island Show.</p><br>
<p>At the time of Gabriels visit, there were 67 patients on Fantome Island (22 female), along with six nuns, a Mr H Stewart (Department of Native Affairs, in charge of stores, police, buildings and technical issues), and 12 workers from Palm Island. Daily dressings occurred at the dressing stations in each compound, and the medical superintendent from Palm Island visited for three hours every Wednesday. However, as this officer changed every eight weeks, Gabriel stated that there was no time for any one Medical Officer to become "even superficially conversant with the specific Sulphone or other treatment for Hansens disease". There were 10 women in the female compound, and 35 men and 10 married couples in the male compound. Another married couple, Wilfred and Rachael Obah, lived in a cottage built by Wilfreds father (known as "Obahs Corner Hut") on the foreshore south of the lazaret.</p><br>
<p>The ceilings of the huts were still unlined at the time of Gabriel&#39;s visit, with recently renewed roofs. They had one door and six windows with flap-type shutters, and Gabriel requested that they be ceiled and have their floors repaired. Although they were not waterproof, were very hot in summer and very cold in winter, the single-skin walls apparently reduced cockroach infestations. He claimed that "housing, diet, hygiene and conditions generally were infinitely superior on Fantome Island and I am not surprised that the patients at Fantome are not anxious to be discharged to Palm Island". Other reasons that patients eligible for discharge remained on Fantome Island included ulcers on their feet; their spouses not being eligible for discharge; having nowhere to go; or no means of continued therapy at their place of discharge.</p><br>
<p>Gabriel also had to dodge patient&#39;s questions about equal treatment. "Much information was sought from me concerning the white patients at Peel Island? I replied as truthfully as I could without drawing attention to the rather different requirement of white and coloured patients". He was also asked whether, if the Peel Island patients were moved to the mainland, the Fantome Island patients would also be moved; his answer was that he knew of no such intention.</p><br>
<p>In the meantime, patient facilities were upgraded during the 1950s. Two Braithwaite pressed steel 100,000 gallon (454,609 litre) water tanks were erected, on concrete bases, over 1951-52. An electrical system was close to completion by June 1953, at which time there were 60 patients. Lighting and power points were installed in the buildings during 1951, electricity poles and street lights were also erected and diesel-powered generating sets for DC current were installed in a powerhouse. Converters had to be brought in to provide AC power to the picture theatre, radio telephone and public address system.</p><br>
<p>A radio telephone was installed on Fantome Island by June 1955, when the number of patients had decreased to 36, and patient numbers had fallen to 26 by 1956. At this time a home for ex-Hansens disease patients was being built on Palm Island. By 1958 it was accepted that Hansens disease patients could be released from isolation without risk to the community after three consecutive negative monthly smears. The European patients at Peel Island were moved to the new Princess Alexandra Hospital in Brisbane in 1959; yet 22 patients remained on Fantome Island. Although the success of Sulphetrone drugs in treating Hansen&#39;s disease led to hopes in the early 1950s that Fantome Island could close, this did not occur until 1973.</p><br>
<p>The delay in closing the Fantome Island Lazaret prompted Dr Gabriel, in September 1965, to recommend to the Director-General of Health and Medical Services that the Fantome Island patients be moved to an isolation ward at the Princess Alexandra Hospital. "In view of the fact that completely new legislation has been enacted to give aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders equal status it may well become increasingly difficult to justify different isolation areas and different discharge conditions for white and coloured Hansens disease patients. He added that some of the active cases on Fantome Island were eligible for immediate discharge - assuming the conditions applied to Europeans were used.</p><br>
<p>There were other issues on Fantome Island in the late 1960s, at least according to Reverend Maurice Malone, who lived at the lazaret. He complained to the Department of Aboriginal and Island Affairs about supplies and mail not being delivered from Palm Island, delays in repairing refrigeration units, a lack of a morgue, a lack of water in the two large water tanks, and wild bulls frightening the nuns, who rarely left the island. He also claimed that some visiting nuns were refused a boat ride to Fantome Island from Palm Island. The nuns distanced themselves from Father Malones claims about a campaign of persecution and "bureaucratic sadism" by Palm Island officials, and he had been removed from Fantome Island by March 1969. The Director of the Department of Aboriginal and Island Affairs, PJ Killoran, suggested that Father Malones complaints were due to his "medical condition".</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, by 1969 the electricity system at the lazaret needed rewiring and conversion to AC supply to power the modern appliances the patients hoped to use, such as electric guitars and television sets. The huts, which by now had caneite ceilings, were suffering from rot and white ants. However, the cost of fixing the system, or replacing the whole complex, was seen as prohibitive, especially since all special hospitals for Hansen&#39;s disease had been phased out by 1970, and there was no medical reason to rebuild at Fantome. However, it was claimed that some former patients were staying on as staff on Fantome Island to avoid the temptations of alcohol.</p><br>
<p>On 5 October 1970 the Queensland cabinet decided to close the Fantome Island facility once there was alternative accommodation on Palm Island. It was argued that Fantome Island had outlived its usefulness, as continuous dosage with sulphone drugs for three months or more rendered the vast majority of Hansen&#39;s disease patients non-infectious. At this time there were 12 patients on Fantome Island, including nine readmissions.</p><br>
<p>A report by Medical Superintendent David Bowler in February 1971 criticised the state of the buildings on Fantome Island and the lack of any training or rehabilitation programme for patients, and claimed that "the problem of Fantome Island is social and definitely not medical". Bowler argued that, with regard to the treatment of patients as individuals, Fantome Island was a disgrace.</p><br>
<p>The Fantome Island facility did not last much longer. A six-bed isolation ward was built at the Palm Island Hospital by mid 1973, by which time there were three nuns, five patients and two ex patients still at Fantome. The patients were reportedly reluctant to move, as they feared a loss of freedom on Palm Island. However, the lazaret closed on 3 August 1973 and in mid August the complex was burnt by the Health Department. In October 1973 the Bishop of Townsville reported that the former Catholic Church and some other buildings were still standing and were being used by visitors to the island, and requested that they be burnt by the Department of Aboriginal and Island Affairs; but vandalism had apparently achieved this aim by November 1973. The two large Braithwaite steel water tanks were disassembled in 1974 and taken to Townsville.</p><br>
<p>In June 1975 the two existing reserves on Fantome Island, R.435 and R.436, became R.722 (Reserve 15826), a Reserve for Departmental and Official Purposes under control of the Aboriginal and Island Affairs Department. In 1986 R.722 was rescinded and Fantome Island was transferred to the Palm Island Aboriginal Council by a Deed of Grant in Trust. The island is currently uninhabited, although there is some evidence of recent camping. Palm Islanders make regular visits to the island to fish.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Fantome Island, also known by its Aboriginal name of Eumilli, is one of 13 islands that form part of the Great Palm Island group. It has an area of just 7.8 sqkm. It is located 65 km north-north-west of Townsville. The historical occupation of the site is centred on two sections of the island - the lazaret is located on the low lying coastal areas at the northern end of the Island; and the lock hospital site is located 3 km south-east of the lazaret, at the centre of the Island (Figure 2). The archaeological remains of the sites have been interpreted according to historical research conducted prior to the site visit.</p><br>
<h3>Lazaret</h3><br>
<p>The remains of the lazaret are located on the low lying coastal areas on the south-west and north-eastern sides of the northern peninsula of the island. The two sides of the low saddle area are connected by the main lazaret pathway. The north-eastern side of the low saddle contains the remains of the administrative buildings: such as the church, presbytery, hospital, sisters quarters, visitors quarters and grotto. On the south-west side of the saddle are the womens, mens and married couples quarters, the supply centre and surrounds (including the open air cinema, sewing room and butcher), school house, dispensaries and cemetery (the most southern site of the lazaret complex). On the hill north of the mens quarters are the remains of two reservoirs and the overseer&#39;s house (Figure 3).</p><br>
<h4>Main Lazaret Pathway</h4><br>
<p>A pathway traverses the island in the low saddle area of the lazaret. It is 5 m wide and commences at the edge of the northern beach, extending in a south-south-west direction for 120 m.</p><br>
<h4>Church</h4><br>
<p>The remains of St Mary&#39;s Catholic Church are located adjacent to and immediately west of the main lazaret pathway. The remains include a large concrete pad. A low wall with a small square recessed section on the outer side, presumably for the placement of a plaque, is located on the end of the pad. In line with and south of the church building pad is a circular concrete feature with a rectangular plinth at its centre. The plinth features a shallow arched recess on each side with a Christian cross motif. A recent plaque sits on the plinth and is dated 31 May 2010. It commemorates the patients, Sisters of Our Lady Mary of Christians Franciscan Missionaries of Mary, and staff that lived, worked and died on Fantome Island.</p><br>
<p>Presbytery Immediately west of the church remnants are the scattered remains of the presbytery. Little survives except one timber building stump, a concrete step at the western and southern ends of the site and a small concrete pad with septic access grate. The site also contains a scatter of demolition rubble including asbestos fibro fragments, corrugated galvanised iron (CGI) sheets, metal louver frames, and metal ant caps. An overgrown garden of exotic flowering plants is on the western side of the presbytery. Behind the presbytery and extending up the gentle slope to the adjacent ridge is a light scatter of artefacts, including the remains of a porcelain urinal or toilet, an in situ septic downpipe, and numerous glass bottles and fragments.</p><br>
<h4>Hospital</h4><br>
<p>The remains of the lazaret hospital are located 53 m west of the main lazaret pathway. The beginning of the complex is marked by a low dry stone and coral wall extending perpendicular to the beach front. The remains of the hospital buildings include: numerous timber building stumps and a rectangular concrete pad which was part of the hospital&#39;s septic system. Two concrete sets of stairs survive - one set climbs to the north, suggesting that these were rear access stairs to the hospital complex and the second set is located towards the far west of the hospital complex and climbs to the east to a position that closely corresponds with the known location of the laboratory. At the rear of the hospital complex are two concrete pads. One pad contains the remains of a stove, fridge, and concrete wash tub. These pads are possibly remnants of the hospital laundry and medical sample collection site. The area is covered by building debris particularly asbestos fibro fragments. Fragmented iron bed frames are located across the site.</p><br>
<h4>Sisters' Quarters</h4><br>
<p>The remains of the sisters quarters are situated parallel to the north beach front and immediately east of the main lazaret pathway. An extensive scatter of building rubble is found across the site, particularly asbestos fibro fragment, CGI sheets, galvanised iron, steel pipes, and some bricks. The most intact remains are those associated with the nuns changing rooms. The site is marked by a concrete pad which is recessed into the ground, with raised concrete surrounds. Internal spaces can be read through the presence of the bases of room dividers, marked by concrete strips. Two iron bath tubs are situated side by side in the centre of the floor area. Adjacent to and east of the changing rooms pad, is a CGI water tank and timber stumps representing a collapsed tank stand. An iron pipe runs from this tank and parallel to the beach front towards a second set of concrete pads. These pads contain the remains of an iron stove and system of concrete spoon drains. Their location set back from the access track and behind another, since-removed building suggests an ancillary use such as a kitchen or laundry.</p><br>
<p>A small solid roofed structure constructed entirely of cement is located adjacent to these remains. It has a doorway (the door itself is missing) but no windows. Its function is unclear but internal wall markings suggest use as either a meat locker/safe or possibly a fumigation shed.</p><br>
<h4>Visitors' Quarters</h4><br>
<p>The remains of the visitors quarters are located immediately east of the sisters quarters. Little remains of this building except for a large scatter of demolition rubble containing significant amounts of asbestos fibro and metal pipes and fittings. A set of three concrete stairs survives leading up into what was once the western end of the former structure. Also evident are three timber building stumps, a rectangular concrete block with septic access grate, an iron bath tub and two CGI water tanks to the east of the visitors&#39; quarters.</p><br>
<h4>Grotto</h4><br>
<p>Located east of the visitors quarters are the remains of the grotto. The grotto is accessed by a stone-lined path that leads off the main path in front of the remains of the visitors quarters. The grotto contains a large shrine consisting of a tall mound of local stone. The shrine features a statuary platform close to the apex though a statue is no longer present. Adjacent to and to the north-west is a concrete altar. The face of the altar is marked with three arched shallow recesses. The largest central arch features a rough outline of Australia that has been constructed of small shells applied to the surface. The path to the grotto terminates at the site of a small steep pyramid-shaped shrine constructed of stone. The shrine has a flat concreted top section probably for a statue, though a statue is no longer present.</p><br>
<h4>Palm Island Workers' Huts</h4><br>
<p>Located 180 m east of the grotto are the four concrete platforms aligned north-south at the base of a slope. All of the concrete platforms are of similar dimensions and built upon a mound of local stone. Each platform features a set of 3-4 steps on its western end and a small square extension to the rear where there are the remains of iron stoves and cooking implements (tin kettle, bowls and pans). Adjacent to and to the rear of each platform are the remains of water pipes and tap connections. The platforms are covered in building debris, with fragments of asbestos fibro and some CGI sheets and the remains of iron bed frames. Behind all the platforms are artefact scatters of metal (mostly iron) cooking implements and equipment and some glass bottles and fragments, some dating from the mid-20th century.</p><br>
<h4>Signal Hut</h4><br>
<p>Located 275 m west-north-west of the main lazaret pathway, close to the crest of the hill which overlooks the lazaret from the north-west, are the remains of a timber-framed signal hut. The walls and roof have fallen onto the concrete pad floor. The roof, although collapsed, is largely intact. It is a timber-framed pyramid sheeted with CGI on two sides. Positioned immediately down slope to the south-west of the hut lies an iron "I" beam which may have been a radio aerial or mast. Surrounding the hut and the mast are scatters of artefacts including numerous large black Dunlop brand batteries, CGI sheets, white ceramic fragments, timber posts, wire cable, window glass, and window latches. Extending down the ridgeline from the hut to the main lazaret pathway are collapsed power poles.</p><br>
<h4>Single Women's Quarters</h4><br>
<p>Located on the south-west side of the northern peninsula of Fantome Island, and to the south-west of the main lazaret pathway, are the remains of the single womens quarters. The site consists of concrete pads of former huts, communal kitchens, dispensary, toilet and shower blocks, and laundry. There are five rows of concrete pads representing individual huts, with three pads per row (a total of 15 huts). The pads are rectangular in shape and are roughly the same size (5 x 6 m). The pads have markings indicating a 1 m wide, open veranda on one side with an outwardly sloping floor. The veranda is oriented to the south- east or the north-west alternately so that verandas face each other. The pad has an edge lip of varying width defining the position of the former walls. Low density artefact scatters are associated with each hut. According to an oral history of a former patient, the most westerly hut in the single womens quarters was later modified for use as a "lock-up" for women patients. There are pads relating to two communal kitchens. Both are situated at the northern ends of the huts and between two rows. At the north end of kitchen 1 and kitchen 2 are projections which suggest the location of a stove or oven. Additional features of note include a track leading to the single men&#39;s quarters from the north-west and the nearby supply centre. Located 30 m west of the last row of hut pads are the remains of a pit toilet.</p><br>
<h4>Supply Centre and Surrounds</h4><br>
<p>Located at the southern end of the main lazaret pathway are the remains of multiple structures that comprised the supply centre for the lazaret. The supply centre complex consists of a cluster of attached concrete pads comprising: office and store, sewing room, oil room, butcher, and open-air cinema (between the sewing room and the office/store). Immediately east of this complex are the remains of a vehicle garage. Remnants include a concrete pad with a short ramp on the northern end. East of the garage are the remains of the lazaret&#39;s school. The building collapsed in 2011. The remains include a concrete pad covered in rubble, timber framework, CGI sheeting and a 44 gallon metal drum. These remains have been partially burnt. A concrete wash tub and basin is located on the eastern side of the pad. Abandoned and partially deconstructed machinery (generator) is bolted to school building pad. East of the school are the remnants of a recreation hut, comprising a concrete pad with four timber posts. The pad is surrounded by a scatter of CGI sheets and building rubble.</p><br>
<h4>Palm Island Workers' Dining Hut</h4><br>
<p>Fifty metres north-east of the supply centre complex is a largely extant timber-framed structure on a stone and concrete pad. The walls are clad with CGI sheets. The northern wall has two awning windows. The southern wall has one timber-framed window. The remains of a small set of steps made from local stone and mortared with concrete is located on the south-east corner of the pad. A makeshift stone fireplace has been constructed in the lean-to with a reused iron stove top. The eastern wall of the structure is missing, as is part of the roof structure at that end and almost all of the CGI roof sheets.</p><br>
<p>Adjacent to the Palm Island workers&#39; dining hut is a concrete pad representing an old generator room. In the north-east corner of the pad is a smaller raised concrete pad with six mounting bolts embedded around the edges and adjacent is a concrete tank stand base.</p><br>
<h4>Overseer's Quarters</h4><br>
<p>The remains of the overseers quarters are located on steep, rocky ground immediately north of the single mens quarters and the supply centre. The remains include a dense scatter of building rubble, including bricks, CGI sheets, two inch steel water pipe, iron bath tub, sink, and two iron bed frames. A small levelled concrete pad is located to the rear of the building rubble and next to the iron bath tub.</p><br>
<h4>Reservoir 1</h4><br>
<p>The remains of a reservoir are located immediately to the northeast the overseer&#39;s quarters. Remains include a rectangular concrete pad with metal framing. Artefacts include piping, bolts and screws. A substantial section of hill face has been cut to create a level platform with a sloping concrete retaining wall measuring over two metres high in the highest corner. A CGI scatter is found to the west of the pad.</p><br>
<h4>Water Tanks and Reservoir 2</h4><br>
<p>The remains of a second reservoir and two water storage tanks are located on steep, rocky ground above the single mens quarters and supply centre and east of the overseers quarters. The reservoir consists of a rectangular concrete pad with collapsed metal framing on site. Artefacts include bolts and screws. Pipes are visible along the exposed corner of the concrete pad. The hill face has been cut to create a level platform. Features in this area include the remains of a track and tramway leading up the hill, two large water storage tanks (south-west of reservoir 2) and a stone-lined path leading down the hill away from the two storage tanks.</p><br>
<h4>Single Men's Quarters</h4><br>
<p>The single mens quarters are located on generally flat and cleared land to the south-east of the single womens quarters and the supply centre complex. A track leads to the single mens quarters from the north-west and the nearby supply centre. The area is bordered by a steep rocky slope to the north-east and a sandy beach to the south- west. The site consists of concrete pads of the single mens quarters, communal kitchens, dispensary, toilet and shower blocks, laundry and Anglican Church.</p><br>
<p>There are five rows of concrete pads representing individual huts, with three pads per row (a total of 15 huts). The pads in the single mens quarters are of the same configuration of those in the single womens quarters. Low density artefact scatters are associated with each hut. Within the single mens quarters are pads relating to two communal kitchens. The partial remains of kitchen 1 are a concrete pad and a concrete path located on the south-west corner, leading away towards the huts. At the north end of the kitchen is a projection of the pad with the remains of a stove. Kitchen 2 is similar to kitchen 1. It has the remains of a path to the single mens huts that crosses a small gully and the north end of the pad also has a pad projection. There is a modern rubbish dump behind kitchen 2.</p><br>
<p>The Anglican Church remains comprise a rectangular concrete pad with entry steps. The slightly elevated north-east end of this pad (originally holding the altar) has a small rectangular CGI shed constructed after the lazaret occupation. Immediately adjacent to the church pad is a platform floor made from concrete pavers. More recent domestic rubbish and materials scattered about the site suggest the paved platform is the location of a post-lazaret occupation camp site.</p><br>
<p>A concrete pad located between the single men&#39;s quarters and the married quarters and in front of the Anglican Church are the remains of a dispensary.</p><br>
<h4>Married Quarters</h4><br>
<p>The married quarters are located immediately adjacent to the single mens quarters and include huts, two communal kitchens (one later converted into accommodation), a garden area, cess pits, a midden, and general laundry buildings. Former structures are marked by concrete pads. At least five huts in this section may have been occupied by single patients and follow the same pattern as that seen in the other single patients sections. Generally, the hut pads in the married quarters differ from the single patients hut pads by an extension of the pad for a personal kitchen. Each hut pad has an edge lip (of varying width) that runs three sides of the hut pad and along the inner side of the veranda (where they exist) but not on the outer side of the veranda. Iron bed frames are scattered in the area. A 35 sqm garden area is located behind the second, more southerly, kitchen. At the south-eastern extremity of the married quarters and adjacent to a tidal creek are two possible cess pits and two rectangular concrete pads (probably general laundry building remains). There is a midden on the creek bank which contains shells of clam and oyster, brown bottle debris, ceramic fragments, metal, and assorted domestic artefacts.</p><br>
<h4>Pump House and Lazaret Well</h4><br>
<p>East of the married quarters and 160 m along a small creek line, are the remains of several wells and pumping equipment. The area includes four circular concrete wells, one rectangular timber-lined well, the remains of a single piston water pump, and a scatter of steel water pipes. Ten metres east of the timber-lined well are several concrete machine mounts though the machines have been removed.</p><br>
<h4>Lazaret Cemetery</h4><br>
<p>The cemetery is located on the southern bank of a tidal creek 60 m from the married quarters. Positioned within a small bend of the creek, the cemetery is bordered by water to the north and east with resulting erosion problems, particularly at the northern end. The cemetery is marked on the east side by an incomplete line of timber fence posts. The individual graves are orientated east-west and are organised into six rows running north-south. The total number of marked graves is 120. Many of the graves are lined by stone surrounds, however, according to the oral history of a former patient these are possibly later additions and may not accurately reflect the number, size and/or location of all the graves. There are some timber crosses marking graves but none of the extant markers retain the name of the deceased; many of the timber crosses now also lack the horizontal member. A possible eroded grave is located east of the main concentration and is marked by a partial stone arrangement near the edge of the eroded creek bank. It is unclear if the site is an eroded grave but it is certainly in a quite separate and distinct area to the main concentration of graves. There is no evidence of human remains or a grave cut within the soil profile of the eroded bank.</p><br>
<h4>Wilfred and Rachael Obah's Cottage</h4><br>
<p>Located at the southern end of the mangrove zone and 200 m south of the lazaret cemetery, are partial remains of a small structure, comprising a small section of fractured concrete pad and a small alignment of local stones to the west.</p><br>
<h3>Lock Hospital</h3><br>
<p>The lock hospital is located in the central part of the Island. Like the lazaret complex the remains of the lock hospital stretch across the two sides of the Island. The remains of the administrative complex, including the hospital itself, are located on the eastern side of the Island and adjacent to the eastern beach. Other elements, including living quarters and cemetery, are located on the western side adjacent to Juno Bay. The eastern and western elements are divided by a narrow ridge with a small saddle area allowing access across the site (Figure 4).</p><br>
<h4>Hospital Complex/Eastern Beach</h4><br>
<p>The hospital complex is located on the eastern beach area which comprises a low coastal flat with adjacent sandy beach. Physical evidence from this complex includes remnants of buildings, particularly concrete building pads of varying sizes, concrete spoon drains, timber stumps and CGI water tanks. A network of stone-lined pathways also criss-cross the area. Other notable features include a concrete plinth, an engine block base, brick furnace remnants and the remains of an iron oven and stove (Figure 5).</p><br>
<p>Bordered by the creek bank to the north, the beach to the east, and a stone-lined path to the south is a diffuse scatter of the remains of a large timber on stump building or series of buildings. This is believed to be the main hospital site. Adjacent to the path are five small concrete pads. To the north-east of these is a large area with a scatter of CGI sheets, broken ceramics, small medicine bottles, and other glass fragments including small glass ampoules.</p><br>
<p>Adjacent to the central beach area and south of the probable main hospital site is a triangular configuration of three small concrete blocks. One features an iron ring. These are located 12 m apart and the arrangement suggests supports for a central flagpole or mast.</p><br>
<p>Located inland from the beach are the remains of a large timber on stumps building or complex of buildings. Archaeological evidence includes alignments of timber stumps and two concrete pads representing the bases of stairs. Two sections of 2 inch steel water pipe are also located immediately adjacent to and to the south-west of the building stumps, suggesting connection to a mains water supply. A large CGI water tank with concrete base is situated south of the stumps.</p><br>
<p>The extreme southern end of the eastern beach area features two small tidal creeks. At the mouth of one creek are the remnants of a small stone dam wall. The wall measures 8 m in length and has been breached.</p><br>
<h4>Central Ridge</h4><br>
<p>The central ridge area is situated between the eastern beach and Juno Bay (western beach) sections of the lock hospital site. The area is a saddle ridge extending roughly north to south.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological features include a series of dry stone walls, the remains of the superintendent and assistant superintendent&#39;s quarters, a cairn, and a reinforced concrete reservoir.</p><br>
<p>The dry stone walls are constructed from local stone and form a complex configuration of pens and paths. The walls are separated into two sections (hereafter referred to as the northern and southern pens) by a track which crosses the lowest point of the saddle area and connects the two sides of the Island. The southern pens surround remnants of living quarters and include low stone alignments outlining former structures and pathways. Small rock garden beds, collapsed timber posts, a septic pipe, an oven and stove are located within this enclosure. Two oven features are also identifiable. The northern pens are flanked by the track to the south and a cutting into the hill face for a platform. The stone walls are approximately 1.3 m in thickness and 1 m in height across the area.</p><br>
<p>Located immediately to the north-west and adjacent to the northern dry stone wall pens, is a concrete pad. These are possibly the remnants of the assistant superintendent&#39;s quarters.</p><br>
<p>A cairn of unknown origin is located 30 m north-north-west of the assistant superintendent&#39;s quarters. The feature is marked by a rectangular arrangement of stones measuring 4.2 x 2.0 m.</p><br>
<p>A large bare rocky pad is located 40 m north-north-west of the cairn site. The pad is surrounded on the east, south and western sides by drainage diversions lined with local stone. These are possibly the remnants of the superintendent&#39;s quarters.</p><br>
<p>A rectangular reinforced concrete reservoir is located 150 m north- north-west of the possible superintendent&#39;s quarters. The reservoir is situated high up in a steep gully at the northern end of the saddle area. It measures 12 m wide and is 10 m in length. The easternmost corner includes a 1 m wide overflow outlet which leads north-east and into the adjacent creek. Located 90 m to the west of the reservoir and over the crest of the saddle is a small section of exposed 2 inch steel water pipe. This pipe continues underground and down the slope to the west towards the northern end of the lock hospital married quarters.</p><br>
<h4>Lock Hospital Married Quarters</h4><br>
<p>A series of twelve raised concrete pads of former huts are located at the base of the steep western slope of the saddle/ridge. Eleven of these pads are aligned adjacent to a south-east to north-west stone edged track. The first pad is located on the eastern side of the track and at the extreme northern end of the alignment. Each raised pad is of a similar size (5 x 5 m) with a discernable veranda on the south- west side. Depending upon the topography, the veranda has a small set of up to three entry stairs. Only a light scatter of domestic artefacts is found in association with the pads. Artefacts include metal fragments, bottle glass and ceramic fragments.</p><br>
<p>Approximately half way along the alignment of married quarters&#39; pads is a concrete pad that was probably the communal kitchen as it features a projection in the north-west corner with the remains of an iron stove.</p><br>
<p>South of the lock hospital married quarters and adjacent to the main access track is a concrete pad, possibly a laundry building.</p><br>
<p>The access track which runs adjacent to the married quarters huts continues north past the northern-most pad and up the ridgeline through a shallow cutting. This track may be the track that connected the lock hospital complex with outlying villages to the north and in the vicinity of the later lazaret.</p><br>
<h4>Lock Hospital Cemetery</h4><br>
<p>The lock hospital cemetery is located 80 m south-west of the lock hospital married quarters on the Juno Bay side of the Island. The site contains four clearly marked graves and six other possible unmarked graves. All the known and potential graves are concentrated within a relatively small area near the middle of the dune. Of the four identified graves, three have headstones. The first is made of concrete with a Christian cross on top. The second grave has a cement rendered surround with a marble headstone on a concrete base (this is the only headstone which still has a discernable inscription). The third grave with a headstone has a small concrete cross studded with imbedded bivalve mollusc shells and decorated with synthetic fabric flowers. There are potential unmarked graves scattered around the marked graves and they have been identified on the basis of unusual stone arrangements, remnants of dressed timber and discrete fragmentary concentrations of grave furniture.</p><br>
<h4>New Farm and Inland Pads</h4><br>
<p>Located immediately west of the dry stone wall enclosure complex is a large lightly treed area with low grasses and black loam to sandy soils. This area has a small complex of four concrete pads in the south. The largest and southernmost concrete pad features crisp notches on the pad margin that held wall frames giving good information of the construction techniques of the now-missing timber wall structure.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Fantome Island Lock Hospital and Lazaret Sites was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 8 June 2012 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Fantome Island is important in demonstrating past control and discrimination suffered by Aboriginal, Torres Strait Island and South Pacific Island people under former Queensland legislation.</p><br>
<p>The Fantome Island Lock Hospital (1928–45) demonstrates, through its location on an island, the response of past governments of Queensland to non-European sexually transmitted infection (STI) patients; in contrast European patients were treated on the mainland.</p><br>
<p>The lazaret on Fantome Island (1939–73) demonstrates that non-European Hansen&#39;s disease (leprosy) patients were kept at different facilities from European patients. It also provides evidence of the significant work undertaken by religious orders with non-European patients in Queensland, including the Order of Our Lady Help of Christians, and the Franciscan Missionaries of Mary.</p><br>
<p>The remnants of both the lock hospital and the lazaret demonstrate the minimal financial commitment and concern of past governments towards non-European patients.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The remains of the Fantome Island Lock Hospital are evidence of Queensland&#39;s only island-based lock hospital.</p><br>
<p>The remains of the Fantome Island Lazaret provide evidence of one of only two lazarets built in Queensland for non-European patients.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The extensive archaeological remains of the former lock hospital and lazaret on Fantome Island have the potential to yield, through further investigation and comparative research, new information on the administrative, medical, domestic and agricultural activities of patients and staff. This will contribute to a greater understanding of Queenslands history - particularly the accommodation, treatment and isolation of Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander and South Sea Islander Hansens disease and STI patients.</p><br>
<p>Few documentary sources are available that describe the layout and operation of the lock hospital, which closed well before the lazaret, or record the lives of the people who lived there; making the remains of what was Queensland&#39;s only purpose-built island lock hospital an invaluable resource for further study.</p><br>
<p>Similarly extensive are the archaeological remains of the lazaret; an important record of Queenslands largest and longest-serving island facility for the treatment of non-European Hansens disease patients.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The lock hospital and lazaret sites are important in demonstrating the characteristics of Queensland medical facilities for non-European Hansen&#39;s disease and STI patients. These include: segregation on an island; the further segregation of European staff accommodation from non-European staff and patients; cemeteries; the existence of administrative/store building precincts, medical treatment facilities, separate accommodation for unmarried male and female patients, and attempts at food self-sufficiency through gardens and livestock.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The visual contrast between the remnants of the lock hospital and lazaret and their picturesque but isolated tropical island setting elicits a strong aesthetic response from visitors. This contrast, considered alongside the history and associations these remnants represent, makes Fantome Island a powerfully evocative place.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Fantome Island has a strong and special association with former patients and staff, and their descendants, as a place which had a profound effect on their families. Most people on Palm Island have at least one family member buried on Fantome Island.</p><br>
<p>The place also has a special association with surviving members of the Franciscan Missionaries of Mary who served on Fantome Island.</p><br>
<p>Ellsworth Historic District, also known as Ellsworth Addition, is a national historic district located at Lafayette, Tippecanoe County, Indiana. The district encompasses 144 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 4 contributing structures in a predominantly residential section of Lafayette. It developed between about 1844 and 1936 and includes representative examples of Italianate, Second Empire, Queen Anne, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Falley Home, Moses Fowler House, and Temple Israel. Other notable buildings include the Second Presbyterian Church , Alexander House , Ball Brothers House , Falley Townhouse , Home Block , Annie Fowler House , and Duplex Townhouse .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Jefferson Historic District is a national historic district located at Lafayette, Tippecanoe County, Indiana. The district encompasses 161 contributing buildings, 2 contributing sites, and 22 contributing structures in a predominantly residential section of Lafayette. It developed between about 1853 and 1951 and includes representative examples of Italianate, Greek Revival, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. Notable contributing resources include the Deutsche Evangelische Kirche , Isador Metzger House , Hubert Gilmartin House , B.F. Biggs Pump Factory Building , Deutsche Methodist Kirche , Herman & Mary Fletemeyer House , Mohr House , Warrenberg-Reule Double House , Alfred Gaddis House , Wabash Valley House , Haywood Tag Company Building , and Jefferson High School .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Tønnesminde is the site of an archaeological excavation ground and present day organic farm on the island of Samsø, Denmark. Archaeological evidence attests the area around Tønnesminde has a long history of human occupation, dating from approximately 4000 BC to present day. Recent excavations suggest that Tønnesminde contains settlements dating from the Funnelbeaker culture in the Early Neolithic period, Early Bronze Age, Pre-Roman Iron Age, and Viking Age.</p><br>
<p>__TOC__</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<h3>1999</h3><br>
<p>Excavations began at Tønnesminde when the Danish National Museum investigated a 500 m² area northwest of the farm in preparation for sewage pipeline construction in 1999.Archaeologists excavated the remains of a house, four large pits, a fence, a cultural layer, and a few postholes. Finds included flint flakes, a fishing net anchor ("netsynk"), and ceramics.</p><br>
<h3>2010</h3><br>
<p>Interest in the Tønnesminde area resumed in 2010 with a metal detector survey launched by Moesgaard Museum and Samsø Museum in the hopes of learning more about Viking Age military establishments on Samsø and finding sites for additional excavations. The survey has increased the number of metal artifacts from the island, changed the conception of Samsø&#39;s settlement history, particularly in regards to the Iron Age, and renewed interest in Tønnesminde.</p><br>
<h3>2014</h3><br>
<p>After the rediscovery of the site by the metal detector campaign, excavations resumed at Tønnesminde in 2014 as a joint investigation between Moesgaard Museum and Harvard Summer School Viking Studies Program. A trial excavation composed of five trial trenches began at Tønnesminde on March 24, 2014 and revealed remains from Pre-Roman Iron Age and Viking Age settlements.In June and July 2014, archaeologists from Moesgaard Museum and Aarhus University as well as students from Harvard excavated three separate trenches, totaling an area of 1100 m², and examined four pit houses, one three-aisled long house, and numerous pits and postholes. Several of the postholes suggested the previous presence of a fence and a small structure. A fifth pit house was discovered but not excavated, and a trial trench suggested it could be the remains of a burnt house.</p><br>
<p>Finds included animal bones, charcoal, pottery, beads, flint debris, an arrowhead, and items typical of Viking Age pit houses, which includes but is not limited to loom weights, spindle whorls, fragments of soap stone vessel, pottery shards, and glass beads. The investigation additionally discovered circular crop marks nearby, which could constitute ring ditches around graves.</p><br>
<h3>2015</h3><br>
<p>Excavations at Tønnesminde the following summer represented a continuation of the 2014 excavation. Archaeologists excavated approximately 1150 m² in two new separate areas and investigated four pit houses and several pits and postholes.</p><br>
<p>Three of the pit houses may provide evidence of textile production because of the discovery of spindle whorls and loom weights.</p><br>
<p>The fourth pit house featured large amounts of charcoal, iron slag, iron nails and rivets, hammerscale, and multiple whetstones, leading to the conclusion that the pit house may have operated as a smithy. Additional finds included other usual Viking Age items, ceramic fragments, flint debris and scrapers, and animal bones.</p><br>
<h3>2016</h3><br>
<p>During the 2016 excavations at Tonnesminde, archaeologists studied a Late Iron Age or Early Viking Age long house, several cooking pits, a large cultural layer, and many pits and postholes. Finds included bone fragments, ceramics, flint flakes and scrapers, charcoal and grain (collected from flotation samples).</p><br>
<h3>2017</h3><br>
<p>The 2017 excavation covered an area of 1200m2 containing three Viking Age pit houses of varying depths, as well as two cooking pits and over one hundred postholes. Finds included worked pieces of flint from the Stone Age, two spindle whorls, a small piece of amber, and a wide array of ceramic pieces, several of which were rim sherds from the Viking Age. Many bones, including a large jawbone with one tooth attached to it, were found in one of the pit houses, pit C-14. The same pit house contained layers of burnt, red clay in the northern side of the unit, suggesting that the pit house or at least remnants of it was burned down after its destruction.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological Discoveries</h2><br>
<h3>Early Neolithic (Funnel Beaker Culture)</h3><br>
<p>The initial excavation of Tønnesminde in 1999 revealed flint flakes from polished axes, possibly from the Funnel Beaker Culture. The 2014 and 2015 excavations also found flint flakes, including an arrow head, which again indicates settlement during the late Mesolithic or Early Neolithic period. The 2016 excavation additionally discovered flint scrapers and flakes, as well as ceramic fragments, the patterns of which suggest they were created by the Funnel Beaker Culture. A decorated ceramic shard and several flint tools found during the 2017 excavation have been attributed to the Early Neolithic period.</p><br>
<h3>Bronze Age</h3><br>
<p>The 1999 excavation found potential house remnants, which the archaeologists dated to the late Neolithic period or early Bronze Age because of its proximity to cultural layers containing artifacts likely from the early Bronze Age, namely, a stone axe and a ceramic rim shard. The largely undated flint flakes discovered in the 2014, 2015, and 2016 excavations also could indicate habitation of Tønnesminde during the early Bronze Age.</p><br>
<h3>Pre-Roman Iron Age</h3><br>
<p>The excavation in 1999 investigated several pits cautiously attributed to the Pre-Roman Iron Age based on ceramics characteristic of this period. The pits also contained flint flakes, but because the flint collection likely contained older pieces, they were difficult to date. The 2014 investigation of a three aisle long house revealed pottery shards likely from the Pre-Roman Iron Age in one of its roof-bearing posts, as well as in several pits. The 2015 excavation examined a feature, interpreted as a cooking pit, which contained a significant amount of ceramics dated to the Pre-Roman Iron Age.</p><br>
<h3>Viking Age</h3><br>
<p>While the investigation in 1999 did not reveal any Viking Age artifacts, subsequent excavations at Tønnesminde have found significant evidence of a Viking Age settlement. The 2014 excavation unearthed spindle whorls, glass beads, loom weights, whetstones, iron rivets, and iron knives in presumably Viking Age pit houses. Nearby postholes likely belong to other Viking Age buildings, although the postholes lacked dateable material. Similarly, the 2015 excavation found spindle whorls, loom weights, iron rivets and nails, and whetstones from pit houses; other excavated postholes probably derive from the Viking Age but could not be dated due to a dearth of dateable material. The long house excavated by the 2016 team could have functioned as an economy house (økonomibygning in Danish) during the Viking Age. An older, nearby large cultural layer intersects the long house, and based on the discovery of half of a loom weight and the general structure of the long house, on-site archaeologists dated the long house to the Late Iron Age or Early Viking Age. Similarly, the 2017 excavation unearthed two spindle whorls and many ceramic rim sherds that are characteristic of the Viking Age.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<h3>Handicraft production</h3><br>
<p>Using the artifacts recovered by the 2014-2016 excavations, archaeologists hope to better understand Viking Age activity on Samsø, particularly craft production. The pit houses investigated in 2014 and 2015 show evidence of textile production. Textiles can reflect both long-distance trading networks and daily needs, such as bedding, packing material, sails, and other products. With more information from Tønnesminde, it may be possible to connect textile production at Tønnesminde with, for example, the Kanhave Canal and the likely fleet stationed there during the Viking Age. Perhaps the textiles were used to repair Viking Age sails, replace clothing, or trade.</p><br>
<p>A pit house investigated in 2015 was identified as a Viking Age smithy. Because of the accessibility of ore, remains from smithing can be found throughout Scandinavia, and smithing a common metal craft rather than a trade reserved for specialists. Smithing occurred in both rural farms and towns, so further investigation of Tønnesminde is needed to categorize the settlement. Nevertheless, the presence of the smithy provides more information about handicraft production on Samsø and helps place Samsø within the broader context of Viking Age Scandinavian settlements.</p><br>
<p>Evidence of handicraft production is further strengthened by the 2017 excavation, which revealed two spindle whorls in one of the pit houses, C15, one of which is intact. The absence of any other significant artifacts in that pit house strongly suggests that the feature has been exclusively used for textile production purposes.</p><br>
<h3>Viking Age trade</h3><br>
<p>The excavations at Tønnesminde will greatly add to current knowledge about Samsø and Viking Age trade. The Kanhave Canal, which has been dated, using dendrochronology, to 726 CE (before the beginning of the Viking Age) based on the wood used for its construction, indicates the importance of the island in the Viking Age, since construction of the 500m canal would have required centralized planning, extensive manual labor, and significant funding. Given Samsø&#39;s central location, the canal would have enabled a fleet to control ship traffic through Danish waters and better levy taxes. While the Kanhave Canal indicates a Viking Age presence on the island, the lack of additional Viking Age evidence does not allow characterization of this presence.</p><br>
<p>Around the time of the construction of the Kanhave Canal, Scandinavia focused increasingly on trade, cultural contacts, and warfare with neighboring areas; these changes affected craft production as craftsmen and their creations became more important. Indeed, other Scandinavian sites demonstrate extensive long-distance exchange, far more than elsewhere in northern Europe. As one of the few excavations on Samsø, Tønnesminde has added greatly to knowledge of Viking Age trade on the island.</p><br>
<p>The work houses at Tønnesminde could be connected to this expanding trade and the central location of Samsø. Part of a Norwegian soapstone vessel, found by the 2015 team, provides evidence of trade at Viking Age Tønnesminde. Norway is particularly known for soapstone quarries, and soapstone vessels have been found throughout Scandinavia as trade increased. The whetstones found by the 2014 and 2015 teams provide further evidence for craft production and possible subsequent trade at Tønnesminde, as whetstones were another trade item increasingly produced during the Viking Age.</p><br>
<p>Supplementing the Norwegian soapstone vessel find, the 2017 excavation revealed an almost perfectly round slate dish in the pit house C-14. The absence of slate in Denmark implies that the dish must have been imported either from Norway or Sweden. The presence of soapstone on the site suggests that the dish was indeed imported from Norway, further adding to the evidence of trade at Tønnesminde.</p><br>
<p>The Vinalhaven Galamander is a rare surviving example of a specialized stone-hauling vehicle in Vinalhaven, Maine. It is located in a small public park at the junction of Main, Atlantic, and School Streets in Vinalhavens downtown area. Its wooden parts are a reproduction of original elements; its metal parts are original. The vehicle, a type used in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the islands granite quarries, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Vinalhaven Galamander stands under a frame shelter in Bandstand Park, created by the intersection of Main, Atlantic, and School Streets in downtown Vinalhaven. Its frame consists of a single large wooden beam, with a fixed rear axle supported by two large spoked wheels. The front axle is mounted on a swivel to aid steering, and is supported by two small spoked wheels. The operator&#39;s seat is mounted at the center of the front axle, and a swiveling derrick is mounted on top of the rear axle. The vehicle would during operation have been drawn by a team of eight horses.</p><br>
<p>The construction date of this particular galamander is unknown, but it has long been a fixture of the towns landscape. These vehicles were in regular use during the heyday of Vinalhavens granite quarries, which extended from 1880 to the onset of World War I in 1914. It stood for many years, exposed to the elements, in Bandstand Park. Its wooden elements having deteriorated, the wagon was rebuilt by the local historical society using new wood and the original metal fittings, and has been placed under a protective shelter.</p><br>
<p>The only known surviving galamander with original wooden elements is the Robertson Quarry Galamander in Franklin, Maine.</p><br>
<p>The Daniel Weston Homestead is a historic house on Maine State Route 32 in Bremen, Maine. Built about 1806 by a son of one of the area&#39;s first colonial settlers, it is a well-preserved local example of Federal period architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Daniel Weston Homestead stands at a bend in the road of SR 32, on the north side of the road opposite its junction with Shore Road. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof, central chimney, clapboarded exterior, and fieldstone foundation. The main portion is L-shaped, with a shed and barn extending west and then south. The original main entrance is on the five-bay east facade, with a vertical-board door framed by sidelight windows and pilasters, and topped by an entablature with dentillated cornice. The south-facing secondary entrance is more modest, with a four-light transom topped by an entablature and simple cornice. The interior retains many original period finishes, including floors, paneling, wainscoting, and fireplace surrounds.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1806 by Daniel Weston, whose father and uncle were among the first settlers of the Bremen area, arriving in 1772. Weston was, like his father, a shipbuilder, and the construction of this house exhibits some features peculiar to that specialized craft. Much of the woodwork is slightly curvilinear, and in the upper story, the ceilings have been curved inward to achieve greater height than is typically found in period houses.</p><br>
<p>The Tappan-Viles House is a historic house at 150 State Street in Augusta, Maine. Built in 1816 and restyled several times, the house exhibits an eclectic combination of Federal, Italianate, and Colonial Revival styles, the latter contributed by architect John Calvin Stevens. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982; it is now part of a bank complex.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Tappan-Viles House stands on the west side of State Street, a short way north of Augusta state capitol district. It is located on a parcel that now also includes attached modern facilities of the Kennebec Savings Bank. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a hip roof topped by a cupola, clapboarded walls, interior end chimneys, and a granite foundation. The roof cornice is dentillated and studded with brackets, and the building corners are quoined. The front facade is five bays wide, with the central entrance sheltered by an elaborate porch supported by paired Corinthian columns. Windows on the first floor have decorative bracketed and dentillated cornices, while those on the second floor have simpler hoods. Above the main entrance is a Palladian window.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1816 by Rev. Benjamin Tappan, a Harvard College graduate who served as pastor at the South Parish Church. As built, it would have had modest Federal period trim. In 1862, the house was acquired by Col. Alanson B. Farwell, who updated the house with the latest Italianate style, adding the bracketing, quoining, and cupola. Dr. William Graves, the next owner, in about 1915 hired the noted Portland architect John Calvin Stevens to design sympathetic Colonial Revival features. Another 20th-century owner was Blaine S. Viles, a mayor of Augusta and state forest commissioner. The building has since the late 20th century been used for commercial purposes.</p><br>
<p>The Iron Bridge at Howard Hill Road is a modern pony truss bridge, carrying Howard Hill Road across the Black River in southeastern Cavendish, Vermont. It is a replacement for an historic 1890 Pratt through truss bridge, which is now in storage. The historic bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Modern bridge</h2><br>
<p>The Howard Hill Road Bridge is located in southeastern Cavendish, just south of Vermont Route 131, which parallels the Black River on its northern bank. The river is at that point flowing roughly eastward, and the bridge is oriented north-south on modern concrete footings. The bridge is a low riveted pony truss structure, serving a few dead-end roads on the south side of the river.</p><br>
<h2>Historic bridge</h2><br>
<p>The historic bridge, in storage as of 2012, was a single-span Pratt through truss built out of wrought and cast iron with elements connected by pins. The bridge was 88 ft in length, with a roadway width of 14 ft (one lane), and a portal height of 11.5 ft. It was set on uncoursed fieldstone abutments.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built in 1890 by the Groton Bridge Co., and is one of a small number of 19th-century pin-connected truss bridges in the state. The bridge was dismantled in 2007, and is in storage held by the Historic Bridges Program of the state, which is seeking a suitable location to place it.</p><br>
<p>Tourlida  is an island in Missolonghi Lagoon, in Greece. It is a long-narrow earthy land about 5 km south of Missolonghi. Tourlida is the largest lagoon island of Missolonghi lagoon and the only inhabited. Its population is 15 inhabitants according to 2011 census. A landmark of Tourlida is the houses on piles. They are stilt houses that are built by fishermen. These houses are named Pelades  in Greek.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Tourlida is named after the bird Eurasian curlew that is named tourlida in Greek and it is common in lagoon. The island was joined with the opposite land with a road that was constructed in 1885 thanks to domestic politician Charilaos Trikoupis. The road created an interior lagoon inside Missolonghi Lagoon, known as Kleisova Lagoon. The most common activity in the island is the fishing as well as the gathering of salt from the nearby salt pit.</p><br>
<h3>Historical population</h3><br>
<p>Cuauhtinchan Archeological Zone or Malinalco Archeological Zone, located just west of the town center on a hill called Cerro de los Idolos, which rises 215 meters above the town. On its sides are a number of pre-Hispanic structures built on terraces built into the hill. The main structures are at the top. This is one of the most important Aztec sites and was discovered in 1933, and explored by José Garía Payón in 1935. The visible complex dates from the Aztec Empire but the site’s use as a ceremonial center appears to be much older. Along the stairway leading to the site, there are signs with area’s history written in Spanish, English and Nahuatl. The site contains six buildings. The Cuauhcalli or House of the Eagles, which dates from 1501, is the main building, which is significant in that it is carved out of the hill itself. built this way due to the lack of space on the hill. The monolithic Cuauhcalli has been compared to the Ellora in India, Petra on the shores of the Dead Sea and Abu Simbel in Egypt. This was a sanctuary for the Eagle Warriors for rites such as initiation. A thirteen-step staircase leading into this temple is flanked by side struts. and two feline sculptures that face the plaza in front. The Cuauhcalli consists of two rooms, one rectangular and the other circular, with an opening in the wall between the two. After being carved out of the rock, the walls and ceiling were covered in stucco and painted with murals, most of which are almost completely gone. In the upper part, the entrance is symbolized by the open jaws of a serpent, complete with fangs, eyes and a forked tongue, which was painted red. This upper portion is covered by a thatched roof of the grass the area is named for.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Just inside of the entrance, on the east side, there is a sculpture of a serpent’s head on which rests the remains of a statue of an Eagle Warrior. To the west, there is another sculpture in the shape of a large pedestal, symbolizing a tlapanhuéhuetl (war drum). Above this is a sculpture of a cipactli, which is a primeval being, occasionally called a “monster of the earth.” The cipactli is holding up a person, of which only the sandals remain. It is thought the two statues functioned as standards. Further inside is a bench that surrounds a space similar to a hemicycle. The horseshoe bench has four sculptures, the most outstanding one being an eagle that faces the entrance. Two others are also of eagles while the fourth is a jaguar. The jaguar statue has its skin spread out as if it were a mounted trophy. Behind the eagles there is a cuauhxicalli or sacred vessel in which to put the hearts of sacrifice victims, who then turn into messengers of the sun. The orientation of the building relates to the movement of the stars. Before it was covered with a thatched roof to preserve it, openings in the walls provoked light phenomena at certain times such as at the summer solstice.</p><br>
<p>From here was found a large wooden huéhuetl or ceremonial war drum, which is now in the Museum of Anthropology and History in the Mexiquense Cultural Center in Toluca. The conical thatched roof that covers the main building is a reproduction of the kind of roof it probably had in antiquity, but the shed-like porch is less faithful to the original. Despite acts of vandalism, the interior of this building is still in good condition.</p><br>
<h2>Cuauhtinchan</h2><br>
